Elizabeth Bailey
Usodzi ukuwononga nyanja ndipo nsomba zikuchepa. Kodi sitiloledwa kudyanso nsomba? Kusanthula.
Zolemba za Netflix Seaspiracy zinali m'gulu la makanema khumi omwe adawonedwa kwambiri masika. Ayenera kuti anagwedeza anthu ambiri. Pazoyeserera: nyanja zodzaza ndi nsomba, zomanga ngati mafia mumakampani asodzi komanso zisindikizo zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti sizingagwire ntchito.
Sizinthu zonse zomwe zili mufilimuyi zomwe zafufuzidwa molondola, ndipo zikhozanso kusokoneza pang'ono, monga momwe ngakhale osamalira zachilengedwe amatsutsa. Koma uthenga wofunikira ndi wolondola: zinthu ndizovuta. Kwambiri kwambiri.
93 peresenti ya nsomba zotsalazo zinasodza mpaka malire ake
Njala ya nsomba ndi yaikulu kwambiri kuposa imene m’nyanja muli nayo. Chotsatira chake ndi kusodza mopambanitsa, ndipo kumakhudza nyanja zazikulu pamodzi ndi Nyanja yaing’ono ya Baltic yomwe ili pakhomo pathu.
93 peresenti ya nsomba zapadziko lonse zimasodza mpaka malire ake, opitirira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nsombazo zasodza kale, monga momwe lipoti lausodzi la Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) linapeza chaka chatha. 90 peresenti ya nsomba zazikulu zolusa monga tuna, swordfish ndi cod zasowa kale m'nyanja.
Usodzi umatulutsa CO₂ yambiri kuposa ndege
Kusodza sikungowononga chilengedwe m'nyanja, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwa zina, kupha nsomba za m’nyanja, komwe kumapha pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a nsomba zonse za padziko lapansi, akudzudzulidwa. Makilomita a maukonde amenewa akhoza kutsitsidwa kutali kwambiri m’nyanja yakuya ndi kupha ma kilogalamu masauzande ambiri a zamoyo za m’madzi pa nsomba imodzi yokha.
Monga nsonga za m'munsi, zimatsitsidwa pansi pa nyanja, kuwononga udzu waukulu wa m'nyanja, matanthwe a m'nyanja yamchere kapena mitsinje ndi zitsulo zophatikizika ndipo motero zimawononga malo ofunika kwambiri kwa zaka zambiri.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa asayansi ndi azachuma 26 aku US akuwerengera kuti kutsika pansi panyanja kumatulutsa gigatonnes 1.5 ya CO₂ pachaka, kuposa kuyenda kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Monga? Potsegula maiko omwe ali pansi pamadzi omwe adameza kuchuluka kwa CO₂ yopangidwa ndi anthu m'zaka 50 zapitazi: Udzu waukulu wa m'nyanja, mwachitsanzo, ukhoza kusunga CO₂ wochulukirachulukira pa kilomita imodzi ndi nkhalango yathu.
Idyani nsomba zochepa - ndiye yankho?
Kodi anthu aleke kudya nsomba? Filimu ya Seaspiracy ikusonyeza zimenezo. Komabe, nsomba ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pazakudya za anthu pafupifupi mabiliyoni atatu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo n’zovuta kuzisintha kukhala magwero otsika mtengo a zakudya zomanga thupi, makamaka m’mayiko osauka.
M’kabuku kake ka nsomba, bungwe la WWF posachedwapa lati kuchepetsa kadyedwe ka nsomba ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yotetezera nyanja zapadziko lapansi. Komabe, katswiri wa zausodzi wa WWF Philipp Kanstinger akukhulupirira kuti: “Tikhoza kupanga usodzi m’njira yoti ugwirizane ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi.” Ndipo mosiyana ndi maiko ena ku Global South, tili ndi chosankha: Titha kugula mitundu ina ya nsomba mozindikira. Ndipo inde: Titha kudyanso nsomba zochepa ndikusintha mwanzeru zakudya zake zapadera.
Ndi nsomba iti yomwe simagwira ntchito?
Tsoka ilo, sikophweka kuti ogula azisunga zinthu. Ndi nsomba ziti zomwe zimathabe kugwera m’basiketi logulira zinthu ndi chikumbumtima choyera zimadalira makamaka pazifukwa zitatu: Kodi masheya m’malo osodza ali athanzi motani, zongotengedwa m’nyanja n’zokwanira kuti masheyawo abwererenso mobwerezabwereza, ndipo njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwire. Palibenso mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zomwe akatswiri angalimbikitse popanda kukayikira: carp wamba ndi imodzi mwa izo.
Dr Rainer Froese wochokera ku Geomar Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research amaperekanso mwayi wopeza nsomba zakutchire zochokera ku Alaska ndi kuphulika kuchokera ku North Sea. Komanso ku Alaska pollock kuchokera kuzinthu zina zathanzi ku North Pacific. M'mayeso athu tidaunikanso nsomba zoziziritsa kukhosi. Ambiri amalimbikitsidwa.
Malinga ndi Froese, nsomba za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, flounder ndi turbot zili bwino ngati zimachokera ku Nyanja ya Baltic ndipo zagwidwa ndi ma gillnet.
Ogula amavutika kudziwa kuti ndi nsomba ziti zomwe angagule
Malo enieni opherako nsomba ndi njira yopha nsomba nthawi zambiri amalengezedwa pa nsomba zozizira m'sitolo kapena angapezeke kudzera pa nambala ya QR. Muyenera kupempha mu lesitilanti kapena kwa fishmonger. Monga ngati kuti sizinali zovuta mokwanira, masheya omwe amasintha mobwerezabwereza komanso malingaliro a akatswiri.
Buku la WWF fish guide, lomwe limasinthidwa kangapo pachaka ndikuyesa mitundu ya nsomba pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyendera magalimoto, limapereka chithunzithunzi chabwino.
Mitundu ina ya nsomba zodziwika bwino ndi yobiriwira kumeneko, makamaka kwa malo omwe amasodzako pawokha, motero ndi "chisankho chabwino" pamaso pa WWF:
Redfish wogwidwa ndi pelagic otter trawls kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Arctic kapena halibut ochokera ku European aquaculture ali pakali pano.
Malinga ndi a WWF, nkhono zili bwino ngati zimachokera ku ulimi wa m’madzi.
Koma palinso mitundu ingapo ya nsomba zimene zatsala pang’ono kutha zomwe sizili m’basiketi yogulitsira zinthu, mosasamala kanthu za mmene zinapha nsomba. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- Nsomba za Eel ndi Dogfish (Zowopsa Kwambiri)
- gulu
- cheza
- Nsomba ya Bluefin
Komabe, amalonda ndi malo odyera nawonso amapereka mitundu yotereyi ngati nkhani.
Usodzi wochulukirachulukira wokhala ndi chisindikizo cha MSC sizokhazikika
Tinene zoona: Chifukwa cha nkhalangoyi ya njira zophera nsomba komanso kusinthasintha kwachulukidwe, kugula nsomba mwanzeru ndi nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Chidindo chabwino chomwe chimapangitsa kuti nsomba zakutchire zokhazikika zidziwike poyang'ana koyamba ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Gulu la buluu la Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) lidayamba ndi lingaliro ili zaka 20 zapitazo. Koma m'zaka zaposachedwa kutsutsa chisindikizo kwakula, ndipo posachedwa WWF, yomwe idakhazikitsa MSC zaka 20 zapitazo, idadzipatula.
"M'malingaliro athu, kuchuluka kwa usodzi mu MSC sikukhazikika," akufotokoza Philipp Kanstinger. Zonena: ufulu wa MSC uli pachiwopsezo chifukwa otsimikizira amasankhidwa ndikulipidwa ndi asodzi okha; muyezo wafewetsedwa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupeza chidindo cha nsomba zogwidwa ndi trawls kapena decoy buoys.
Fish-Siegel: Nthawi zambiri osapitilira muyezo wocheperako
Mayeso athu a nsomba zozizira amatsimikizira zimenezo. Mu kalozera wake waposachedwa wa nsomba, WWF sikuperekanso malingaliro a nsomba zovomerezeka ndi MSC, koma amangovomereza chizindikirocho ngati "chithandizo chopangira zisankho mwachangu ngati palibe nthawi yokwanira yowongolera nsomba".
Kale, dzina lachikale la golide, akutero Kanstinger, “lerolino ndi muyezo wocheperako.”
Koma zovomerezeka ndizabwino kuposa zosatsimikizika, chifukwa chizindikirocho chimatsimikizira mfundo ziwiri:
Choyamba, kuti nsomba sizichokera kumalo osaloledwa.
Ndipo chachiwiri, kuti njira zogulitsira zitha kutsatiridwa modalirika kuchokera ku sitima yogwira kupita ku purosesa - maziko ofunikira kuti athe kudziwa kukhazikika kwa nsomba ndikutha kuthetsa madandaulo.
Chisindikizo cha nsomba za ku Naturland ndiye chokhwima kwambiri pa nsomba za m'madzi
Nsomba zakutchire zaku Naturland, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi International Association for organic farming, ndizochepa. Ndi chizindikiro ichi, ntchito za usodzi siziyenera kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu pamtundu wonse wamtengo wapatali. Koma ngakhale pano ogula sangatsimikize kotheratu kuti palibe nsomba imene yazembetsedwa mozembetsa kuchokera m’matanga osakwanira kapena njira zosodzera zovuta.
Mkhalidwewu ndi wosiyana ndi chisindikizo chomwe Naturland amapereka makamaka nsomba zochokera ku aquaculture: pakali pano ndizovuta kwambiri ku Germany. Chifukwa malo akuluakulu obereketsa amachititsa mavuto osiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba za m'nyanja: ulimi wa fakitale ndi malo ochepa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi maantibayotiki kapena kudyetsa kwambiri nsomba zakutchire ndi soya.
Izi ndi zomwe chisindikizo cha Naturland chimanena:
Kachulukidwe kachulukidwe kazinthu kamene kali pansi ngakhale kazinthu ka organic.
Amaletsa kudyetsa nsomba zakuthengo
Amayang'anira chikhalidwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito pausodzi
Kodi palinso nsomba ziti?
Inde, njira yabwino koposa ingakhale kudya nsomba zochepa. Chifukwa ngati tsopano tigula nsomba m'matanga athanzi popanda kudziletsa, nawonso adzakumana ndi mavuto.
Komabe, chifukwa cha thanzi, German Society for Nutrition nthawi zonse yalimbikitsa kudya nsomba kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata. Mwa zina, chifukwa cha omega-3 fatty acids yamtengo wapatali, yokhala ndi ma omega-3 fatty acids atalitali EPA ndi DHA makamaka akuti amachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima.
Koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuzisintha. Mafuta a Linseed, rapeseed kapena walnuts amatha kuthandizira kuti apereke omega-3, koma alpha-linolenic acid yomwe ili nayo imatha kusinthidwa pang'ono kukhala EPA ndi DHA.
Bungwe la Federal Center for Nutrition limalimbikitsa kuti aliyense amene angasankhe kusiya nsomba nthawi zambiri akhoza m'malo mwake ndi mafuta a algae ndi algae. Palinso mafuta amasamba pamsika omwe amalemeretsedwa ndi DHA kuchokera ku ma microalgae, monga mafuta a DHA linseed.
European Food Safety Authority EFSA imalimbikitsa mlingo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa 250 mg DHA kwa akuluakulu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, algae amaperekanso kukoma kwa nsomba komanso kupereka zakudya zina zofunika. Komabe, mtengo wa chilengedwe popanga ndere sizotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nsomba, monga momwe kafukufuku wa 2020 wa University of Halle-Wittenberg adawonetsa.
Zolowa m'malo mwa nsomba zimakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana kuposa nsomba
Kumbali inayi, ngati muphonya kukoma kwa nsomba: tsopano pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zomwe zimaloŵa m'malo mwa nsomba za vegan pamsika, kuchokera ku zala za nsomba zochokera ku zomera mpaka ku shrimp yotsanzira. Cholowa m'malo mwa nsombachi nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi tofu kapena mapuloteni a tirigu, nthawi zina ndi masamba kapena jackfruit.
Pankhani ya zakudya, komabe, zinthuzi nthawi zambiri sizingafanane ndi zomwe zidachokera, monga momwe kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi a Hesse Consumer advice Center akuwonetsa. Thupi limagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a masamba mosiyana ndi mapuloteni a nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, zina mwazinthu zolowa m'malo mwa nsomba zimakonzedwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe chowonjezera cha omega-3 nkomwe.
Usodzi: zomwe ndale ziyenera kuchita
Bungwe la zachilengedwe la Greenpeace likufuna kuti bungwe la United Nations likhazikitse malo otetezedwa a panyanja omwe amakhala pafupifupi 30 peresenti ya nyanja zamchere. Pakali pano, osakwana 3 peresenti ndi kumene kusodza kuli koletsedwa kapena kulamulidwa bwino.
Chofunikira chachiwiri kuchokera kwa oyang'anira m'nyanja kupita kwa andale: Ndondomeko zausodzi za EU ziyenera kutengera malingaliro asayansi a usodzi wokhazikika pamagawo ake okhazikika pachaka. Izi zingatanthauze kuti: Zosodza zambiri zokha zimangotsalabe ndipo masheyawo amatha kukhalanso bwino. "Tsoka ilo, malingaliro awa nthawi zambiri satsatiridwa," akudandaula motero Philipp Kanstinger.
Chinthu chachitatu pamndandanda wazinthu za ndale chikhale chogwira ntchito yopha nsomba mosaloledwa. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zokwana matani 90 miliyoni zomwe zimagwidwa chaka chilichonse, 30 peresenti ya nsombazi zimasowa mosaloledwa m’nyanja – m’mabwato amene sasamala za malamulo a usodzi kapena malo otetezedwa.
