Mapeyala: Okoma Komanso Athanzi

Mapeyala ndi mayeso okoma ndipo amapangitsa kuti zokometsera komanso zakudya zokometsera zikhale zowonekera. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi shuga wambiri, mapeyala angathandize pa matenda a shuga ndipo amathandiza m’matumbo, m’mimba, ndiponso pakhungu.

Osafanizira mapeyala ndi maapulo

Amanenedwa kuti munthu sayenera kuyerekeza maapulo ndi mapeyala. Ndipo komabe zipatso ziwirizi ziri ndi chinachake chofanana. Zonsezi ndi zomera za pome zomwe zili m'banja la rose. Amamera pamitengo, amawala mumithunzi yofanana - kuchokera ku chikasu chobiriwira mpaka chobiriwira mpaka chofiira, amatha kudyedwa ndi khungu ndipo mapeyala ena amakhala ozungulira ngati apulo.

Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa mapeyala otalikirana a botolo, mapeyala a apothecary osawoneka bwino, ndi mapeyala ozungulira a bergamot.

Ngati muluma chimodzi mwa zipatso ziwirizi, nthawi yomweyo mumazindikira zomwe mukuchita. Chifukwa mapeyala amakhala ndi fungo labwino komanso amakoma chifukwa cha acidity yochepa. Komanso zamkati awo ali kugwirizana kosiyana kotheratu. Izi ndichifukwa choti maselo amwala amagawidwa m'thupi la peyala, pomwe awa ali pachimake pa apulo.

Pali mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu ya mapeyala

Pali mitundu pafupifupi 28 ya mapeyala ndi mitundu yopitilira 5,000.

Chiyambi cha peyala

Mapeyala ndi zipatso zakale zomwe zadyedwa kuyambira nthawi zakale. Malinga ndi maphunziro a Nanjing Agricultural University, peyalayi idachokera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China, komwe idakafika pakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Asia ndipo pomaliza idafika ku Europe.

Popeza kulima ku Asia ndi ku Ulaya kunachitika popanda wina ndi mnzake, kusiyana kwapangidwa pakati pa mapeyala aku Asia ndi a ku Ulaya. Peyala yathu yolimidwa (Pyrus communis L.) idachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yakuthengo kuyambira nthawi ya Stone Age.

Peyala yakuthengo - yomwe imadziwikanso kuti peyala yamatabwa - imatha kupezekabe m'nkhalango zamapiri komanso zobiriwira kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Europe kupita ku Caucasus.

Peyala ya Nashi: peyala ya ku Asia

Peyala ya Nashi ndi yozungulira ndipo imawoneka ngati apulo. Imadziwikanso kuti peyala yaku China kapena yaku Japan ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mapeyala aku Asia. Izi siziri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya peyala yathu yolimidwa, koma mtundu wodziyimira pawokha wa peyala.

Ochokera ku China, a Nashi tsopano afalikira ku East Asia. Ku Japan kokha kuli mitundu yoposa 1,200. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mawu achijapani "nashi" amatanthauza china koma "peyala". Kwa zaka zingapo, peyala ya Nashi yakhala ikulimidwa m’maiko a ku Ulaya monga Germany ndi Italy.

Nthano ndi nthano za peyala

Kale ku China, mtengo wa peyala unali chizindikiro cha moyo wosatha ndipo Agiriki akale sankafa mtengo wachipembedzo mu nthano ngati mphatso yochokera kwa milungu. Koma Aroma akale anali atatanganidwa kale ndi kuŵeta. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wina wamaphunziro Pliny Wamkulu, anatchulapo kale mitundu 38 ya mapeyala.

M’zaka za m’ma mpaka m’ma , mtengo wa mapeyala unali wolandiridwa bwino m’minda ya amonke ndipo anthu olemekezeka ankasangalala ndi chipatso chamtengo wapatalicho. Inagwiranso ntchito ngati mawu achikondi: pamene anyamatawo ankafunsira mtengo wa maapulo, asungwana aang'ono ankafuna malangizo ku mtengo wa mapeyala. Nthawi ya Baroque inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri yolima mapeyala, makamaka ku France: Mazana a mitundu yatsopano idatuluka.

Mosiyana ndi mapeyala olimidwa, mitengo ya mapeyala akuthengo inkaonedwa mosagwirizana kwa nthawi yayitali. Iwo ankaonedwa kuti ndi malo okhala zinjoka, ziwanda, ndi mfiti, koma ankaonedwanso kuti ndi zomera za mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, tiyi wa maluwa a peyala ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza kutupa kwa impso, ndi uchi wa peyala pofuna kuchiza mutu. Madzi a peyala, Komano, ankakhala ngati mankhwala ochotsa poizoni m’thupi.

Mapeyala a tebulo, mapeyala ophikira, ndi mapeyala a cider

Kutengera ndikugwiritsa ntchito, mitundu ya mapeyala imaperekedwa m'magulu atatu:

• Mapeyala atebulo amadziwikanso kuti mapeyala a tebulo, mapeyala a batala, kapena mapeyala olemekezeka chifukwa amanunkhira kwambiri ngakhale atakhala yaiwisi komanso amakoma modabwitsa. Amatchedwa mapeyala a batala chifukwa ali ndi mnofu wotsekemera komanso wofewa kwambiri. Mapeyala a patebulo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhitchini ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma brandies a zipatso ndi ma liqueurs. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi B. the Williams Christ ndi Alexander Lucas.
• Mapeyala ophika makamaka amaphatikizapo mitundu yakale monga peyala ya Gieser-Wildeman, ena mwa iwo omwe amatsogolera mapeyala amasiku ano. Sizoyenera kudyedwa zosaphika chifukwa sizotsekemera kapena zotsekemera ndipo zimakhala zolimba ngakhale zitakhwima. Komabe, ngati mapeyala ophikira zokometsera awiritsidwa kapena kuphikidwa, amakoma kwambiri. Mapeyala ophika ndi gawo lofunikira pazakudya zachikhalidwe zaku North Germany.
• Koma mapeyala a cider, ndi mtanda pakati pa mapeyala akutchire ndi mapeyala odyedwa. Zipatso zowawasa sizimakoma zaiwisi, koma ndizoyenera kupanga vinyo wofunikira komanso zipatso. Mapeyala a cider nthawi zambiri amalimidwa m'minda yazipatso. Ngakhale mitengo ya peyala yomezanitsidwa imakhala zaka 70, mitengo ya mapeyala imatha zaka 200. Mitundu yakale ikuphatikizapo B. the Gelbmöstler ndi Upper Austrian Weinbirne.

Zakudya mu mapeyala

Mapeyala ali ndi mafuta ochepa komanso mapuloteni, koma amakhala ndi chakudya chokwanira komanso shuga wambiri. Pa magalamu 100 a mapeyala atsopano amakhala ndi:

Ma calories a Pears

Pankhani ya kalori, mapeyala ndi maapulo ali pamlingo. Zipatso zonsezi zimakhala ndi 52 kilocalories (kcal) pa 100 magalamu a zipatso.

Mavitamini mu peyala

Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya zipatso, mapeyala ndithudi sali pakati pa mabomba a vitamini. Ngati mudya peyala imodzi yayikulu kapena mapeyala ang'onoang'ono awiri okhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 200, mutha kuphimba pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya tsiku lililonse la vitamini C. Ndi kuchuluka komweko kwa malalanje, kungakhale pafupifupi 100 peresenti.

Kuchuluka kwake kumawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mapeyala 100 a mapeyala atsopano omwe angakwaniritse zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku za vitamini.

Minerals mu mapeyala

Mchere wa mapeyala siwopatsa chidwi kwenikweni, ndi mkuwa wokhawo womwe umawonekera pang'ono. Peyala yolemera magalamu 200 imakuthandizani kuti muphimbe 14.5 peresenti ya zomwe mumafunikira mkuwa tsiku lililonse. The trace element ndi yofunika kuti mapangidwe connective minofu, magazi, ndi kugwira ntchito kwa mantha dongosolo.

Mtengowo umasonyeza kuti 100 g ya mapeyala atsopano akhoza kukwanitsa zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku za mchere womwewo.

Mndandanda wa glycemic wa mapeyala

100 magalamu a mapeyala ali ndi katundu wochepa wa glycemic (GL) wa 4.7 (makhalidwe omwe ali pansi pa 10 amaonedwa kuti ndi otsika). Chifukwa chake zipatsozo zimangokhudza pang'ono kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi komanso kutulutsa kwa insulin.

Poyerekeza, glycemic katundu wa magalamu 100 a mkate woyera, mwachitsanzo, ndi 38.8. Izi zikuwonetsa bwino chifukwa chake mungagwiritse ntchito ngati chokhwasula-khwasula m'malo mwachitsanzo B. mpukutu ukhoza kudya chipatso bwino.

Peyala muzakudya zotsika zama carb ndi ketogenic

Ndi zakudya zotsika kwambiri za carb ndi ketogenic, kudya kwamafuta kumachepetsedwa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiri yazakudya ndikuti ndi zakudya zochepa zama carb, pakati pa 50 ndi 130 magalamu amafuta ayenera kudyedwa tsiku lililonse, ndipo ndi zakudya za ketogenic mpaka 50 kapena 30 magalamu okha.

Ngati magalamu 100 a mapeyala apereka kale magalamu 15 a chakudya, mutha kudziwerengera nokha kuti simungadye mapeyala ambiri pazakudya zokhala ndi carb yochepa, komanso osadya zakudya za ketogenic.

Mapeyala ndi athanzi

Ngakhale peyala ilibe mavitamini ndi mchere wambiri, imatengedwa kuti ndi chipatso chathanzi kwambiri. Lili zambiri yachiwiri zomera zinthu zimene zimakhudza thanzi m'njira zambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2019, izi zikuphatikiza:

• phenolic mankhwala monga B. antidiabetic ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kuchepetsa chlorogenic acid
• triterpenoids monga B. the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic ursolic acid

Ndemanga inakonzedwa ku yunivesite ya Minnesota yomwe imaphatikizapo nkhani zonse za peyala zamankhwala zofalitsidwa m'mabuku a PubMed ndi Agricola kuyambira 1970 mpaka 2015. Zinapezeka kuti peyalayo inali mwana wopeza kafukufuku kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zambiri ankangophatikiza ndi maapulo chifukwa zipatso ziwirizi zimakhala zofanana kwambiri potengera kapangidwe kazosakaniza.

Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti mapeyala ali ndi ma phytochemicals ambiri omwe ali ndi antioxidant wamphamvu. Palinso zoyamba zosonyeza kuti mapeyala amateteza ku zilonda zam'mimba komanso kulimbikitsa kagayidwe ka mafuta.

Ndibwino kuti musamamete mapeyala

Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi maapulo, anthu ambiri amakonda kusenda mapeyala ndikungodya nyama yowutsa mudyo. Ngakhale kuti palibe kukangana za kukoma, palibe kutsutsa zotsatira zake pa thanzi. Mu 2017, ofufuza aku France adasanthula khungu ndi thupi la mitundu 19 ya mapeyala.

Zomwe zili muzomera zachiwiri (phenolic compounds) pa kilogalamu imodzi ya mapeyala zimasiyana pakati pa 0.1 ndi 8.6 magalamu m'thupi ndi pakati pa 1.6 ndi 40.4 magalamu pakhungu. Kupeta mapeyala sikuvomerezeka, chifukwa peel ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la phytochemicals kuposa zamkati.

Mitundu ya peyala iyi ndi yabwino kwambiri

Monga momwe phunziro lapitalo linasonyezera, zomwe zili mu phytochemicals pakhungu ndi mnofu wa mapeyala zimadalira zosiyanasiyana. Mwa mitundu 19 ya mapeyala omwe adawunikidwa panali mapeyala 8 aku Tunisia, mapeyala 8 aku Europe, ndi mapeyala atatu aku France a cider.

Mu mtundu wa Plant De Blanc, zinthu zamtundu wachiwiri kwambiri zidapezeka mumtundu, pomwe mitundu ya Arbi Chiheb idatuluka ngati yopambana pakhungu. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ya mapeyala aku France ndi Tunisia anali ndi oligomeric procyanidins (OPC).

OPC ikhoza mwachitsanzo kupititsa patsogolo zotsatira zabwino za vitamini A, vitamini C, ndi vitamini E ndikuthandizira matenda amtima ndi khansa. Nthawi zambiri simungawone zosakaniza mu peyala, ndithudi. Choncho amalipira osati mwa nkhani ya kukoma kulola zosiyanasiyana kulanda posankha zosiyanasiyana.

Ndi chifukwa chake mapeyala ena amakhala ofiira

Mapeyala monga Rote Williams Christ ndi Schweizer Wasserbirne ali ndi khungu lofiira. Pankhaniyi, yachiwiri chomera zinthu akhoza anazindikira ndi mtundu wawo. Izi ndi anthocyanins. Mitundu yofiira, ya violet, kapena ya buluu ndi ya gulu la mankhwala a phenolic - makamaka flavonoids - ndipo amadziwika ndi mphamvu zawo zowononga antioxidant.

Kafukufuku ku yunivesite ya East Anglia ndi maphunziro 2,375 adafufuza momwe flavonoids zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzira kutupa. Anthocyanins anachita bwino kwambiri. Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti kumwa mapeyala nthawi zonse, maapulo, sitiroberi ndi mphesa zofiira zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamagulu otupa ndipo motero amachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda aakulu.

Mapeyala amtundu wa 2 shuga

Chipatsochi chakhala chikulepheretsedwa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 2 chifukwa chimakhala ndi shuga. Koma muyenera kudya kilogalamu za mapeyala pafupipafupi tsiku lililonse kuti zotsatira zoyipa zichitike. Kuphatikiza apo, mapeyala sakhala amtundu wa zipatso zomwe zili ndi shuga wambiri monga mwachitsanzo B. nthochi zakupsa, motero ndi gwero labwino kwambiri lazakudya za odwala matenda ashuga.

Chifukwa mapeyala ali ndi zopatsa mphamvu zochepa, otsika kwambiri a glycemic katundu, ndipo amakhala ndi ulusi wofunikira komanso zinthu zambiri za bioactive. Kuphatikiza apo, shuga mu mapeyala amakhala makamaka ndi fructose ndipo amakhala ndi shuga pang'ono, motero shuga m'magazi amakwera pang'ono akadyedwa. Mosiyana ndi fructose yachilengedwe mu zipatso (shuga wa zipatso), fructose yopangidwa m'mafakitale (gawo lazakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi zambiri ndi zosungira) ndizopanda thanzi.

Peyala imateteza ku matenda amtundu wa 2

Kafukufuku akuchulukirachulukira wosonyeza kuti zipatso zimatha kuteteza ku matenda amtundu wa 2. Ofufuza pa yunivesite ya Zhejiang asonyeza kuti kumwa mapeyala ndi maapulo nthawi zonse kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a shuga ndi 18 peresenti. Peyala imodzi yokha pa sabata imachepetsa ngozi ndi 3 peresenti.

Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wa matenda a miliri ndi anthu 24,808 omwe adayesedwa adawonetsa zotsatirazi: Anthu omwe amadya mapeyala nthawi zonse sakhala onenepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi omwe amakana chipatsochi. Peyala imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popewa matenda monga shuga, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri.

Koma ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amatha kupindula ndi mapeyala, malinga ndi ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Massachusetts. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, chipatsocho chingapangitse kuti zikhale zosavuta kulamulira matenda a shuga adakali aang'ono komanso kuchepetsa mlingo wa mankhwala a shuga.

Mapeyala kwa m'mimba ndi matumbo

Mapeyala ndi osavuta kugaya kuposa maapulo chifukwa amakhala ndi asidi ochepa. Makamaka, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'mimba amatha kupindula nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa University of Massachusetts yemwe wangotchulidwa kumene adawonetsa kuti madzi a peyala wothira amalepheretsa bakiteriya Helicobacter pylori, yomwe ingayambitse gastritis, zilonda zam'mimba ndi mmatumbo, komanso khansa ya m'mimba.

Mapeyala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamatumbo am'mimba chifukwa amakhala ndi michere yambiri yazakudya. Mapeyala amatha kuthandizira kudzimbidwa chifukwa ali ndi mankhwala ofewetsa thukuta. Malinga ndi ofufuza, si fiber yokha yomwe imayambitsa izi, komanso fructose yambiri.

Peyala mu fructose tsankho

Komabe, iwo omwe ali ndi vuto la kusagwirizana kwa fructose nthawi zambiri sangathe kulekerera mapeyala chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa fructose. Kuphatikiza apo, mapeyala sakhala ndi shuga, kotero kuti fructose-glucose ratio ndi yosagwirizana kwambiri. Izi zimawonjezera kupirira.

Mapeyala a histamine tsankho

Ngakhale mapeyala alibe histamine, amalekerera pang'ono pokhapokha ngati histamine tsankho. Izi ndichifukwa choti zipatsozo zimakhala ndi zinthu ngati histamine zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa zizindikiro mwachindunji kapena poletsa kuwonongeka kwa histamine.

Kuphatikiza apo, mapeyala otchedwa histamine liberators. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amamasula histamine m'thupi mosadziwika bwino. Komabe, zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono. Kumwa mowa mwa apo ndi apo kumaloledwa.

Mapeyala amateteza ku miyala yamkodzo

Miyala yamkodzo imatha kukhala ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizapo monga B. kutupa kwa impso kapena mkodzo ndi matenda a shuga. Malinga ndi ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Ferrara, mapangidwe a miyala yamkodzo amatha kupewedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa mwa kusintha zakudya zanu.

Ma Citrate ndi ena mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimalimbana ndi miyala yamkodzo yokhala ndi calcium. Kumbali imodzi, mapeyala ali ndi zinthu zambiri zoteteza antioxidant ndipo, kumbali ina, kuchuluka kwa malic acid, kalambulabwalo wa citrate.

Choncho, asayansi amalimbikitsa kudya mapeyala kuti ateteze mapangidwe a miyala ya mkodzo kapena kuteteza mapangidwe a miyala yatsopano. Matendawa amabwereranso mwa 50 peresenti ya onse okhudzidwa. Komanso, kudya nyama ndi mchere kuyenera kuchepetsedwa.

Mapeyala amawonjezera magwiridwe antchito pamasewera

Sikulinso chinsinsi kuti nthochi zimatha kusintha machitidwe amasewera. Ofufuza aku America afufuza ngati mapeyala nawonso ali ndi kuthekera kotere. Othamanga achimuna 20 adatenga nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu.

Aliyense wa maphunzirowo anayenda mtunda wa makilomita 75 masiku atatu osiyana. Amangodya madzi okha, nthochi ndi madzi, kapena mapeyala ndi madzi asanaphunzire. Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti magwiridwe antchito atha kuonjezeredwa mwa kudya nthochi ndi mapeyala. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo losinthika pambuyo pa maphunziro lasinthidwa.

Mtsogoleri wa kafukufukuyu, Dr. David Nieman adadzudzula mfundo yakuti othamanga ambiri amangomwa madzi asanaphunzire komanso asanachite nawo mpikisano. Chifukwa magwiridwe antchito amatha kukulitsidwa mothandizidwa ndi fructose yachilengedwe komanso zosakaniza za bioactive.

Peyala Zotsutsana ndi Ukalamba

Peyala kwa nthawi yayitali yakhala chizindikiro cha unyamata wamuyaya. Ofufuza a ku China adafika pansi pa nthano iyi mu 2018. Iwo adayang'anitsitsa zosakaniza 13 mu peyala. Makamaka, chomera chachiwiri cha quercetin chinawonetsa mphamvu kwambiri polimbana ndi ma free radicals. Asayansi apeza kuti mapeyala atha kukhala othandiza popewa matenda obwera chifukwa cha ukalamba.

Kafukufuku wa 2019 yemwe adachitika ku Islamia University of Bahawalpur ku Pakistan adawona ngati gel osakaniza omwe ali ndi 5 peresenti ya peyala amatha kutsitsimutsa khungu. Anthu 13 adagwiritsa ntchito gel osakaniza kapena mankhwala a placebo kwa miyezi itatu. Anaphunziridwa momwe mankhwalawa amakhudzira kufiira, melanin, chinyezi, sebum, ndi kusungunuka kwa khungu. Mosiyana ndi placebo, gel wa peyala amatha kugoletsa m'dera lililonse.

Kuyanika mapeyala

Mapeyala owuma ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito dehydrator kapena kuyanika zipatso mu uvuni. Chitani motere:

• Dulani mapeyala mu magawo kapena mphete zokhuthala mofanana ndi kuviika m'madzi a mandimu (1 mandimu mu ½ lita imodzi ya madzi).
• Phimbani choyikapo ndi pepala la zikopa ndikuyika zidutswa za peyala pafupi ndi mzake.
• Ikani zipatso mu uvuni pa 40 ° C ndipo chitseko cha uvuni chitsegulidwe pang'ono kwa mphindi 30.
• Kenako kutentha kumawonjezeka kufika pa 70 °C. Kuyanika kumatenga pafupifupi maola 6 mu mpweya wozungulira. Ndi kutentha pamwamba ndi pansi, muyenera kuwerengera pafupifupi maola 12, ndipo chitseko cha uvuni chiyenera kutsegula mng'alu.
• Sinthani magawo a zipatso kangapo kuti ziume mofanana.
• Magawo a peyala amadetsedwa mpaka chikopa komanso chofewa koma osanyowa. Mukawafinya pakati pa zala ziwiri, madzi asatulukenso.
• Lolani mapeyala owuma azizire kwathunthu musanawanyamule m'matumba afiriji osalowa mpweya kapena kuwadzaza mu mitsuko. Nthawi ya alumali ndi chaka chimodzi.