Allison Turner
Zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa hazvigone kutengeswa pasina zvinonhuhwirira. Nekuti packet soups, kuchengetedza kana yoghurt yaizonaka zvishoma pasina iwo. Nekuti vatengi vanoramba zvinonaka zvekugadzira, zvinonhuwirira zvechisikigo zvinoshandiswa. Asi izvo hazvisi hunhu hwakachena - tichakuudza kuti ungaziva sei zvinonhuhwirira uye nekungozvinzvenga.
24 inonaka blueberries inogona kuonekwa pakuputirwa kwe "Fritt fruit bar", iyo chewy candy ine vitamini C. Asi hapana chidimbu chemuchero mairi. Zvinoenderana nerunyorwa rwezvishongedzo papakeji, "kunhuhwirira" kunounza kuravira kweblueberry. Pakurongedzerwa kwe "Thai Chef Soup", huku yakakangwa, zvimedu zvisere zvehuku zvinoedza iwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira: zero muzana nyama, asi flavour enhancers E 621 uye E 635 uye zvakare: kunhuhwirira. "Actimel Vanilla" mabhodhoro uye kurongedza kunoratidza makumi maviri maruva vanilla. Iko hakuna kuteedzera vanilla mumabhodhoro madiki. Kunhuhwirira kwevanilla kunobva mukunhuhwirira.
Flavorings inowanikwa mune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa
Neizvi uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa makumi maviri nenomwe kubva kune zvakajairika muteresi, nzvimbo yekuraira yevatengi yeHamburg inonyora izvo TEST yanga ichishoropodza kwenguva yakareba: Kunhuhwirira kunoshandiswa kutevedzera mhando muchikafu chisipo mune iyi fomu. Zvingave zvigadzirwa zvakareruka kana zvinwiwa zvemukaka, masoseji evana kana zvinwiwa zvakapfava, TEST inodzokorora kushoropodza kushandiswa kukuru kwezvinonhuwirira zvinowedzerwa kune zvigadzirwa.
Sangano reGermany Association of the Flavour Industry (DVAI) rakaverenga kuti munhu wose anodya 137 kilograms yezvokudya zvinonaka gore negore. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekushandiswa kwe137 gramu yekunhuhwirira kwakachena pamunhu uye gore. Vanosvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana vane "zvakasikwa" zvinonaka, makumi maviri nesere muzana "zvakafanana" uye zvikamu zviviri kubva muzana ndizvo "zvakagadzirwa" zvinonaka.
Zvinwiwa zvakapfava ndizvo chikamu chikuru chekushandisa kunhuhwirira, kuchiteverwa nezvigadzirwa zvemukaka nemasoseji. Zvokudya zvakagadzirirwa, kune rumwe rutivi, izvo zvichida zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana nezvinonhuhwira, zvinotora chikamu chiduku chekudya kwemazuva ose kwezvokudya zvinonaka. Kunhuhwirira kunogonawo kuwanikwa muzvikafu zvausingazozvitarisire: misanganiswa yenzungu yakapfava kuti ubate pamberi peterevhizheni kana spritzers.
Kunhuhwirira: Kunonaka
Flavouring zvinhu zvemakemikari zvine zvinonhuwirira zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvinonaka. Indasitiri inowedzera zvinonhuhwira kuchikafu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana: Iko zvinonhuhwirira zvinoregeredzwa panguva yekugadzira, kuchengetwa, kugadzira nekuchengetedza, zvinonhuwirira zvinotsiva kushomeka uku. Sezvinonhuhwira, ivo vanoshandawo kutenderedza uye kunatsa kuravira.
Uyezve, kuwedzera kwekunhuhwirira kwaigona kushandiswa kugadzira kusiyana kwekunaka kunoita kuti chikafu chisave pachena. Ichi chinhu chakakosha chezvigadzirwa zvemhando. Kunhuhwirira kunogonawo kushandiswa kugadzira midziyo isinganakidze uye isinganhuhwi kuita chikafu chinokwezva. Saka kana madomasi anobva mugreenhouse anonaka semvura, soy paste haina kwayakarerekera uye nyama yenguruve kubva mukurima fekitori haisi chinhu, zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa zvine izvi zvinongedzo zvinongobatsirwa nekunhuhwirira zvishoma.
Giramu rimwe chete rekunhuhwirira rinodiwa kuwedzera kunaka kune kirogiramu yechikafu. Nekudaro, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvave mutobho yemumagaba, yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa pizza kana chingwa musanganiswa inoramba iri chakavanzika chekambani. Iyo yekurongedza inongotaura chete kana kunhuhwirira kuri "kwakasikwa", "kwakasikwa-kufanana" kana kungoti "kunhuhwirira".
Kuravira itsika
Chikafu chinonaka hachisi chinhu chemazuva ano. Nzira dzekare dzekuita kuti chikafu chiwedzere kunhuhwirira uye panguva imwe chete chinogara kwenguva refu chinosanganisira kusvuta hove nenyama uye kabichi inovirisa kugadzira sauerkraut, iyo inoita kuti kabichi igare yakasimba uye ichipa iyo inovava zvishoma. Mafuta akakosha uye zvinomera zvezvirimwa zvakashandiswawo kubva muzana ramakore rechi 19 kuita chikafu chinonaka.
Michero chaiyo yakadaro kana zvidimbu zvezvinonhuwira zvichiri kuita basa nhasi, kunyanya nezvinwiwa uye vanogadzira chikafu chechisikigo. Semuenzaniso wemichero yoghurts: Panzvimbo yepseudo-yakasikwa michero inonhuwira, iyo inogadzirwa kubva muhuni nema enzymes murabhoritari, vanoshandisa michero chaiyo kana zvidimbu zvechisikigo uye vanogadzira kunyanya "inonaka" misanganiswa, semuenzaniso, orange-sea buckthorn, mango. -vanilla kana raspberry-elderberry.
Nekuti hapana chero chigadzirwa chechisikigo chine kuravira kwakawanda. Maflavour anoita diki 0.005 kusvika 0.01 muzana yehuremu hwese hwemuchero. Zvakare, hapasi nguva dzose vakakwana vatengesi vezvinonaka. Kana, semuenzaniso, mumwe aida kuvhara kudiwa kwevanilla chete kubva muhutu hwevanila pod, kugadzirwa kwenyika kwaizongokwana kudyiwa muGermany, inotsanangura DVAI. Izvi hazvisi izvo zvisiri izvo chete, asiwo zvinodhura kupfuura kuravira kubva murabhoritari. 25 magiramu eartificial vanillin pamutengo unosvika masendi makumi matatu neshanu anonhuhwirira sekirogiramu yevanilla chaiyo pamadhora makumi manomwe nemashanu.
Kubiridzira ne vanilla flavour
Nekudaro, chero munhu akamboravira vanilla chaiyo uye vanillin achaziva kuti kuravira kwechiitiko hakuna kufanana. Kunhuhwirira kwevanillin chaiyo kunoenda kwakadzika uye kuzere kupfuura kwevanillin. Ndosaka vamwe vatengesi vezvigadzirwa zvemukaka vadzokera pakukwenenzvera yoghuti nekunakirwa kwebhinzi yevanila chaiyo, kunyangwe iri masendi mashoma anodhura.
Nekuti kunhuhwirira kwakawanikwa kwevanilla hakuswedere pedyo nechinhu chaicho uye noti "vanillin" pane iyo label haina kutaridzika zvakanaka, kubiridzira dzimwe nguva kunoitwa. Iyo Oldenburg Chikafu Institute yeLower Saxony State Hofisi yeConsumer Dziviriro uye Chikafu yakawana izvi nguva yapfuura. Yakatanga yaongorora makumi maviri evanila-flavored ice cream samples kubva ku ice cream parlors. Mhedzisiro inonwisa mvura: sampu imwe chete yaive nevanilla chaiyo.
Mushure mezvo, vanilla premixes yekugadzirwa kweaizikirimu uye shuga yevanilla yemabheki yaive yakanyatso kunangwa. Vaongorori vezvekudya vakawana kuti gumi nematanhatu kubva mu16 musanganiswa waive usina vanilla chaiyo, kunyangwe izvi zvakaziviswa pachena, asi vanillin. Mumabhegi gumi nemana maive kunyange neakajairwa vanilla granules, ayo pachawo anoonekwa sehumbowo hwekunze hwekuti vanilla chaiyo irimo. Mushure mezvose, pakaongororwa shuga yevanillin yemabheka, maviri chete kubva pamasaga manomwe aive neine vanillin yakagadzirwa. Dare repamusoro reCelle Higher Regional Court rakapa mutongo wekuti zvinhu zviri pachena zviri pamutemo. "Chero chinoti 'vanilla' pairi chinofanira kunge chine vanilla chaiyo, ndizvo zvinotarisirwa nemutengi."
Mitemo yepamutemo uye runyoro rwakanaka rwekunaka
Kwenguva yakareba, hazvina kujeka muEU kuti ndeapi mavhenekeri aitenderwa kushandiswa zvachose - uye kana aibatsira kune hutano. Flavorings yakagara ichiongororwa muEurope. Pakare muna 1988, varindi vehutano venharaunda yeEurope panguva iyoyo vakasarudza kuunza mutemo wekunakidza. Rondedzero yakanaka inofanirwa kugadzirwa uye zvese zvinonhuwirira zvinofanirwa kurekodhwa uye zvine chekuita nehutano. Mufunge: Izvi zvaive zvinhu zvakange zvatove zvichishandiswa kwemakore.
Asi hazvina kusvika muna 2009, makore anopfuura makumi maviri mushure mesarudzo, iyo itsva EU Flavors Regulation yakatanga kushanda. Vavariro ndeyekuwiriranisa kushandiswa kwezvinonhuhwirira nezvikafu zvinosanganiswa nezvinonhuhwirira mukati uye pachikafu. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mutemo mutsva unogadzirisa kunyorwa papepa uye unotsanangura huwandu hwakanyanya hwezvinhu zvakasikwa, zvisingadiwi muzvinonhuhwirira, senge coumarin. Kuchinja uku kwakatanga kushanda musi wa20 January 21. European Commission yakanyora mazita akanaka muna October 2011, umo makanyorwa zvinhu zvose zvinobvumirwa.
Flavorings: Mari yekushandisa yakakanganiswa
Mune imwe nzira, huwandu hwechinhu chinogadzirwa maererano nemugadziri hunotorwa sehwaro uye hwakakamurwa nehuwandu hwevatengi. Nekudaro, izvi zvinopa mhedzisiro isiriyo. Mushure mezvose, hazvitaurwi kuti zvose zvinouya pamusika, mutrolley yekutenga kana mundiro zvinodyiwa. Zviyero zvakasiyana zvinodyiwa nevana, vechidiki uye vakuru hazvifungidzirwewo. Imwe nzira inoverengera kuti vangani zvinonaka zviri muzvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana uye mangani magiramu anodya uye anonwa zuva rega rega. Mhedzisiro iyo munhu anouya pano anowanzo overestimates kurekodha. Iko kukosha dzimwe nguva 105 nguva yakakwirira kupfuura neimwe nzira.
Ichokwadi kuti huwandu hwezvinonhuhwira izvo zvinodyiwa zvinoramba zviri murima. Uye bvunzo dzakaratidza kuti ruzhinji rwekunhuhwirira kwakagadzirwa mumaindasitiri pamwe hauise njodzi yehutano. Nekudaro, kuongororwa kwezvinhu izvo kwakaratidzawo kuti kune muchetura kana zvisingadiwe zvinonhuhwirira. Izvi zvinosanganisira coumarin iri musinamoni, inogona kukonzera kukuvara kwechiropa neitsvo, quinine, inozivikanwa kubva muzvinwiwa zvinovava, uye muchetura wehydrocyanic acid unobva mumaarumondi anovava, ayo anoshandiswa pakubika.
Pane zvirambidzo zvehuwandu hwemutemo kune zvese izvi zvinhu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakatorambidzwa zvachose panguva yekuongorora. Izvi zvinosanganisira methyleugenol uye estragol, iyo iri yoga inogona kukonzera kenza. Izvo zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinoitikawo sekunhuhwirira kwechisikigo mune zvakawanda zvinonhuhwirira nemishonga, senge basil, aniseed, fennel mhodzi uye tarragon. Hapana ngozi apa.
Kune zvakare njodzi yehutano kune vanorwara neallergy. Kazhinji kazhinji haisi gumi kusvika ku20 muzana yokunhuhwirira kunokonzera zvinetso, asi 80 kusvika ku90 muzana yasara yezvinonhuhwira. Izvi zvinosanganisira solvents, dhayi, antioxidants uye preservatives. Kupfuura zvese, zvisinei, vatakuri uye zvinhu zvinoperekedza muindasitiri inogadzirwa mapuroteni-based flavour zvinogona kutungamira kune yakanyanya kusawirirana. Soy, mukaka uye mapuroteni ehuku zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko. Nekudaro, ivo vanofanirwa kucherechedzwa mune runyorwa rwezvinosanganiswa papakeji.
Flavour zvido zvinodzidziswa kare
Hazvirambiki zvakare kuti zvinonhuhwira zvinoshatirisa pfungwa yevana yekuravira. Iyo yekutanga embossing inotanga, iyo inogara yakasimba. “Zvinochengetwa maererano nekuravira muuduku zvinozova nesimba gare gare,” anodaro Purofesa Hanns Hatt weDhipatimendi reCell Biology paYunivhesiti yeBochum. Ongororo yakaitwa neTechnologie Transfer Zentrum Bremerhaven (TTZ) inoratidza kuti vana vanodya chikafu chine zvinonaka kubva vachiri vadiki vanochifarira gare gare. Miedzo yakaratidza kuti iyo yaishandiswa kugadzira mabhanana kunhuhwirira, vanillin kana synthetic sitiroberi inonhuwira yaifarira chikafu chine flavour uye isingafarire yoghurt yechisikigo yakarukwa nemastrawberries chaiwo, semuenzaniso. Zvisinei, zvokudya zvinonaka kazhinji kazhinji zvine mafuta akawandisa uye shuga, izvo zvinozogonawo kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pauremu hwomuviri.
Izvo zvinonaka zvakanyanya zvinokuyedza kuti udye zvikamu zvakakura - izvo zvakare zvisina kunaka kune chimiro chako. "Vadzidzi vebvunzo vaidya chikafu chine zvinonhuwirira uye zvakarungwa vakadya zvakakura kupfuura vatori vechikamu vakadya chikafu chisina kuviriswa," inodaro imwe nyanzvi ruzivo kubva muongororo uye ruzivo rwezvekudya, zvekurima nemasango. Kirsten Buchecker anobva kuTTZ kuBremerhaven, uyo anoongorora zvinoravira vana, anoziva kuti zvinonaka zvinonaka zvinofarirwa nevadiki: “Zvabuda murabhoritari yedu zvinoratidza kuti vana vanowanzofarira chikafu chine zvinonaka.” Akaona kuti vanhu vanonwa mamwe majusi ane muto pane anoravira asina kwaakarerekera. Zvisinei, izvi zvinowedzerawo kudya kwekoriori.
Iyo yeGerman Aroma Association haidi kuti zvinonhuwira zvipihwe. Anonyora kuti, “Kune tsika yekudya yokuti munhu anorega kudya pazvinonaka. Kana iwe uchigara uchidya zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakakunakira iwe, izvi zvinotungamira kune uremu uye pakupedzisira kune kufutisa. Zvisinei, kunhuhwirira hakusi mhosva yeizvi, asi pane kusadzora maitiro ekudya. Mubvunzo chete ndewekuti inogona kupfuudzwa kuvana.
Flavour Latin: Iyo ABC yeFlavorings
Kunhuhwirira kwechisikigo kunogona kubva kune zvinomera zvinomera kana kuti distillates zvezvirimwa kana mhuka. Kuravira hakufanirwe kunge kwawanikwa kubva muchinhu chataurwa, kureva kuti sitiroberi inonaka kwete kubva kune sitiroberi, asi kubva kune chero chinhu chinongoitika chega, semuenzaniso kubva kune yehuni substance lignin. Kunhuhwirira kwakawanda kwave kuwanikwa uchishandisa enzymatic kana microbiological process. Izvi zvakachipa pane kuzvitora kubva mumichero kana zvimwe zvekudya zvakasikwa. Iwo ma microorganisms anoshandiswa kazhinji anobva mukugadzirwa kwe genetic engineering.
Kunhuhwirira kwakafanana kwechisikigo kuri kuramba kuchitsiviwa nekunhuhwirira kwechisikigo nekuti kugadzira kwavo hakudhure nekuda kwemaitiro ehutachiona uye chirevo chekuti "zvakasikwa" zvakare chinofarirwa nevatengi. Zvinhu zvakafanana nezvisikwa zvine zvishoma zvine chekuita nezvisikwa. Aya makemikari emakemikari akafanana nechinhu chinoitika muzvisikwa. Zvisikwa uye zvisikwa-zvakafanana zvinonaka hazvidi kubvumidzwa muGermany. Vanotorwa sechikafu.
Netsanangudzo, zvinyorwa zvekunhuhwirira hazvisi zvekunhuhwirira, asi muchero chaiwo, miriwo kana zvinonhuwira uye zvakasanganiswa. Iwo akanyorwa zvakafanana, semuenzaniso se "vanilla extract".
Artificial flavour, kune rumwe rutivi, inofanira kubvumidzwa. Ivo vanowanwa nemakemikari synthesis, asi havana hunhu hwechisikigo. MuGermany, 18 mavhenekeri ekugadzira anobvumirwa, asi anoshandiswa zvishoma uye zvishoma. Kana mitemo yeEU ikatanga kushanda, mazwi ekuti "zvakasikwa-zvakafanana" uye "artificial" munhuwi anopera zvachose. Pamusoro pekunhuhwirira kwechisikigo, pane chete izwi rekuti "kunhuhwirira", kumashure uko kunhuhwirira kwakagadzirwa kana hunhu-yakafanana kana musanganiswa inogona kuvanza.
Kunhuhwirira kwehutsi kana izwi rekuti "kusvuta" rinowanzo kuwanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvesoseji uye chizi. Izvi hazvisi zvekudya zvichangobva kuputa, asi zvigadzirwa zvakagamuchira kuwedzera kweutsi hwemvura. Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekupfuudza utsi mumudziyo wekunyungudutsa. Matunhu maviri anoumbwa: Chekutanga, chikamu chetarry, icho chinonyanya kuve chine zvinokuvadza zvehutsi, uye chechipiri, chikamu chemvura ine zvinonhuwirira. Chiutsi chemvura saka chakachengeteka zvine muchetura pane hutsi huchangobva kugadzirwa. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) nguva pfupi yadarika yakaongorora kuti kunhuhwirira kwehutsi hwemunhu kwakachengeteka sei uye yakashuma "kunetsekana kwekuchengetedza" kwezvinhu zvakati wandei. Zvinetso izvi zvinofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti pave nerondedzero yekupedzisira yenharaunda. Nehuchokwadi hweEU Flavors Ordinance kubva muna Ndira 2011, zvinonaka zvehutsi zvinofanirwa kuziviswa se "zvinonhuhwira zvehutsi". Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, vanogona kuvanza pasi pezwi rekubatana "kunhuhwirira".
Chokwadi kuseri kwekunhuhwirira
Chiratidzo che "kunhuhwirira" chinowanzowanikwa pakurongedza kwe confectionery, soups yakaoma kana yoghurt. Kuseri kweizvi kunowanzo kunhuhwirira kwakafanana kana musanganiswa nezvinonhuhwirira zvekugadzira.
Kwete mutsara wechisikigo: Zvinoenderana nerondedzero yezvigadzirwa, zvihwitsi uye dzvuku jelly yemuchero kubva mubhegi kazhinji ine raspberry kana sitirobheri inonaka. Mutengi anobva atarisira kunhuhwirira kubva mumichero chaiyo. Asi hapana tsvakiridzo yazvo, kunyanya zvisikwa-zvinonhuhwirira zvakafanana.
Zvisinei, mashoko okuti “kunhuhwirira kwe<em>raspberry chaiwo” anoreva kuti 95 muzana yokunhuhwirira kunofanira kubva pamuchero wapiwa zita racho, uye zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvasara zvingabva pakunhuhwirira kwakagadzirwa.
"Kunakirwa kwechisikigo chete": Iri label pachikafu rinonzwika rakanaka, asi mhando seri kwayo handizvo hazvo. Chigadzirwa chacho chinogona kunge chiine zvinonaka murabhoritari zvinogadzirwa netwupukanana.
Vamwe vatengesi vezvikafu zvakaomeswa nechando uye chikafu chakagadzirwa zvachose vanoita pasina zvinonhuhwirira uye zvinowedzerwa uye zvakare zivisa izvi pakurongedza. Asi chenjerera: Mucherechedzo wokuti “Pasina zvinowedzerwa zvinonhuhwirira” hazvirevi kuti hamuna zvinhu zvakadaro mauri. Vagadziri vanobva vawanzoshandisa yeast extract, iyo inewo yakawanda ye glutamate, kunyangwe yakasikwa.
Zvese organic? Natural flavorings inobvumirwa
Kunhuhwirira kwechisikigo uye zvinonhuhwira zvakatorwa zvinotenderwa kune zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa zvinoenderana neEU Organic Regulation. Nekudaro, zvinonhuhwirira zvechisikigo zvinogadzirwa netupukanana murabhoritari zvinogonawo kushandiswa.
Mazano ekudzivisa zvinonaka
Pese paunenge uine nguva uye chishuwo, unogona kuzvigadzirira chikafu chako uchishandisa zvitsva zvinongedzo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kana vana vachidya, kuitira kuti vasajairire zvakanyanyonaka, zvinonaka-zvakajairwa zvigadzirwa. Asi zvokudya zvitsva zvinongonaka zviri nani.
Kana iwe uchifarira zvekare uye dunhu rinozivikanwa mhando dzemichero nemiriwo, ivo vanowedzera siyana zvekunaka. Iwe unogona kuzvitenga zvakanyanya pamisika uye zvakananga kubva kumugadziri. Iwe unogona zvakare kuita kuti vatumirwe nyore kumba kwako neiyo organic delivery service.
Tenga michero nemiriwo zvakaibva zvakanaka wozvigadzirira nokukurumidza. Pera uye cheka usati wabika, uye bika muriwo nemvura shoma kwemaminetsi mashoma. Izvo zvinodzivirira kuravira.
Paunenge uchitenga, sarudza zvokudya zvisina kugadziriswa kakawanda sezvinobvira. Zvokudya zvakagayiwa chete ndizvo zvinonaka. Zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvakaita semichero nemiriwo hazvina chero (zvekugadzira) zvinonhuhwirira.
