Crystal Nelson
Waxaan jecelnahay shukulaatada. Laakin qofku wuu lumin karaa rabitaanka cuntada marka la eego masiirka beeraley badan oo kookaha ah. Shukulaatada laga sameeyay kookaha cadaalada-ganacsiga ahi waxba kama xidhna jeebadahayaga, laakiin waxa ay caawisaa beeralayda yar yar ee Afrika, badhtamaha iyo Koonfurta Ameerika si ay u helaan nolol wanaagsan.
Xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah beeraha kookaha, gaar ahaan Galbeedka Afrika, ayaa la ogaa ugu yaraan labaatan sano. Dabayaaqadii 2000, warbixin taleefishinka BBC ka qortay ayaa adduunka ka yaabisay. Saxafiyiintan ayaa soo bandhigay ka ganacsiga caruur u dhalatay Burkina Faso, Mali iyo Togo. Dadka tahriibiya ayaa gabdhaha iyo wiilasha ka iibiyay sidii addoomo si ay kookaha ugu beeraan Ivory Coast. Sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee Qaramada Midoobay, 71 boqolkiiba dhammaan digirta kookaha ee 2018 waxay ka yimaadeen Afrika - kaliya 16 boqolkiiba Koonfurta Ameerika.
Sawirada waxaa daba socday warbixino saxaafadeed waxaana ka hadlay hay’adaha aan dowliga ahayn. Ururka European Cocoa Association, oo ah ururka ganacsatada waaweyn ee Yurub, ayaa eedeymahaas ku tilmaamay mid been abuur ah oo la buun buuniyay. Warshaduhu waxay yiraahdeen waxa warshaduhu inta badan sheegaan kiisaskan oo kale: warbixinadu maaha kuwo matalaya dhammaan meelaha sii kordhaya. Sida haddii taasi wax bedesho.
Markaas ayay siyaasiyiintu ka falceliyeen. Dalka Maraykanka, waxaa la soo jeediyay sharci lagula dagaalamayo addoonsiga carruurta iyo ku-shaqaynta carruurta ee xadgudubka ah ee beerashada kookaha. Waxay noqon lahayd seef af badan dagaalka lagula jiro carruurta addoonta ah. lahaa Ololeyn ballaaran oo ay sameeyeen warshadaha kookaha iyo shukulaatada ayaa rogtay qabyo-qoraalka.
Shukulaatada ganacsiga caddaaladda ah - iyada oo aan lahayn shaqaale carruureed
Waxa hadhay heshiis jilicsan, iskaa wax u qabso ah oo aan sharci ahayn oo loo yaqaan Harkin-Engel Protocol. Waxaa la saxeexay 2001-dii shirkadaha soo saara shukulaatada ee Maraykanka iyo wakiilada World Cocoa Foundation - aasaaska ay taageerto shirkadaha ugu waaweyn ee warshadaha. Saxiixayaashu waxay ballan-qaadeen in ay soo afjari doonaan noocyada ugu xun ee foosha carruurta - sida addoonsiga, shaqada khasabka ah iyo shaqada waxyeellada u leh caafimaadka, badbaadada ama anshaxa - warshadaha kookaha.
Waxay dhacday: wax dhib ah. Wakhtigii dib u dhigista ayaa bilaabmay. Ilaa maanta, carruurtu waxay ka shaqeeyaan warshadaha shukulaatada. Waxay calaamad u noqdeen ganacsiga caddaalad-darrada ah ee warshadaha kookaha. Sannadkii 2010, dokumentiga Danishka ee "Dhinaca mugdiga ah ee Chocolate" wuxuu muujiyay in borotokoolka Harkin-Engel uu yahay mid aan waxtar lahayn.
Daraasad ay samaysay Jaamacadda Tulane 2015 ayaa lagu ogaaday in tirada carruurta ka shaqeysa beeraha kookaha ay aad kor ugu kacday. Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee sii kordhaya ee Ghana iyo Ivory Coast, qiyaastii 2.26 milyan oo carruur ah oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 5 iyo 17 ayaa ka shaqeeya soo saarista kookaha - inta badan waxay ku jiraan xaalado khatar ah.
Inta badanna haba yaraatee ma taageeraan qoysaskooda: Hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sannado badan tilmaamayay in carruur badan oo ka shaqeeya soo saarista kookaha ay aad ugu dhow yihiin inay dhibanayaal u noqdaan ka ganacsiga dadka iyo addoonsiga.
Kookaha cadaaladda ah: Bixinta caddaaladda ah halkii aad ka shaqayn lahayd carruurta
Laakiin xaqiiqadu way adag tahay. Dhab ahaantii, dhimista shaqada carruurta ee beeraha kookaha kama caawin doonto xallinta dhibaatada shukulaatada si aan caddaalad ahayn loo iibiyo. Taas beddelkeeda: waxay xitaa ka sii dari kartaa saboolnimada kuwa yaryar.
Tan waxaa lagu muujiyay daraasadda 2009 "Dhinaca mugdiga ah ee Chocolate" ee Machadka Cilmi-baarista Südwind. Qoraaga, Friedel Hütz-Adams, ayaa sharaxay sababta: Ka dib markii dhowr shirkadood oo cunto ah ay uga digeen alaab-qeybiyeyaashooda inaysan isticmaalin shaqada carruurta inta lagu jiro beergooyska, wax-soo-saarka beeralayda ayaa hoos u dhacay. Shirkadaha sida Mars, Nestlé iyo Ferrero ayaa dalbaday in laga fogaado ku shaqeysiga carruurta ka dib markii ay cadaadis kala kulmeen wararka sheegaya in shaqaale aan qaan gaarin lagu shaqaaleysiiyay beeraha.
Xalku kuma jiro oo kaliya mamnuucista shaqada carruurta, laakiin bixinta cadaalad ah ee beeralayda yar yar, dhaqaalayahanku wuxuu sii wadaa: "Uma ogola caruurtooda inay u shaqeeyaan madadaalo, laakiin sababtoo ah waxay ku tiirsan yihiin." Shuruudaha ganacsi ee cadaalad ah ayaa lagama maarmaan ah. Xaaladda beeralayda kookaha iyo qoysaskoodu waxay fiicnaan karaan oo keliya haddii dakhligoodu kordho.
Beerashada kookaha waa inay mar kale qiimo yeelato
Shirkadaha waaweyn ee farsameeya kookaha hadda kama fogaan karaan ballan qaadka hagaajinaya xaaladda dakhliga ee beeralayda kookaha yar. Sababtoo ah waxaa jiray sahanno laga sameeyay Ghana, sida laga soo xigtay taas oo kaliya 20 boqolkiiba beeralayda kookaha ayaa raba in carruurtooda ay ka shaqeeyaan xirfaddan. Qaar badan ayaa doorbidi lahaa inay beddelaan beerashadooda - tusaale ahaan caag.
Iyo dhoofiyaha ugu weyn, Ivory Coast, ayaa sidoo kale loogu hanjabay dhibaato. Gobollo badan oo halkaas ku yaalla, arrinta xuquuqda dhulka lama caddayn. Meelo badan, hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah, oo loo yaqaan caaqil, ayaa u oggolaaday soo-galootiga in ay banneeyaan oo ay beeraan dhul ilaa inta ay kookaha ka baxayaan. Haddii ay jirto dib u habeyn lagu sameeyo xuquuqda dhulka oo beeralayda ay go'aan ka gaari karaan naftooda waxa ay beeranayaan, waxaa sidoo kale jiri kara duullimaad ballaaran oo ka yimaada kookaha halkan.
Shukulaatada cadaaladda ahi waxay ka caawisaa saboolnimada
Sababtoo ah beerashada kookaha ayaa ah mid aan qiimo lahayn beeraley badan. Qiimaha kookaha ayaa ka fogaaday heerkiisii ugu sarreeyay muddo tobanaan sano ah. 1980kii, beeralayda kookaha waxa ay heleen ku dhawaad 5,000 oo doolarka maraykanka ah tonkii kookaha, oo lagu hagaajiyay sicir bararka, 2000 waxa ay ahayd 1,200 oo doolarka maraykanka ah. Dhanka kale - xagaaga 2020 - qiimaha kookaha ayaa mar kale kor u kacay ilaa 2,100 US dollars, laakiin taasi weli maaha lacag ku filan. Kookaha ganacsiga cadaaladda ah, dhanka kale, ayaa si ka wanaagsan loo bixiyaa: laga bilaabo Oktoobar 1, 2019, qiimaha ugu yar ee Fairtrade wuxuu kacay 2,400 US dollars per ton.
Guud ahaan, qiimuhu aad buu isu beddelay sannado. Sababtu ma aha oo kaliya wax-soo-saarka kala duwan ee ka soo go'a kookaha, laakiin sidoo kale - mararka qaarkood waa isbedel - xaaladda siyaasadeed ee dalalka asalka ah. Waxa kale oo jirta cawaaqib xumada ka dhalan karta male-awaalka maaliyadeed iyo is-bedbedelka sarifka dollarka, kuwaas oo ka dhigaya mid adag in la xisaabiyo.
Qiimaha jaban ee kookaha waxa uu caydhiyay beeraley badan: adduunka oo dhan, kookaha waxa laga beeraa ku dhawaad afar milyan iyo badh beerood, malaayiin dad ahna waxa ay nolol ka helaan beerashada iyo iibinta. Si kastaba ha noqotee, si ka xun sida saxda ah, iyo in, in kasta oo 2019 ka badan oo kookaha la soo saaray ku dhawaad 4.8 milyan oo tan si ka badan sidii hore. Haddii beeralaydu ay ku noolaan karaan xitaa wax ka yar sidii hore oo sidaas darteed ay beddelaan wax soo saarka beeraha, warshadaha kookaha iyo shukulaatada, oo qiimahoodu balaayiin ku jiro, ayaa leh dhibaato.
Shukulaatada ganacsiga caddaaladda ah ayaa horumar samaynaysa
Ururada ganacsiga cadaalada ayaa xisaabiyay inta uu le'eg yahay qiimaha kookaha si loo dammaanad qaado beeralayda dakhli hufan. Tani waa qiimaha ugu yar ee beeralayda ay ka helaan nidaamka Fairtrade. Sidan ayaad si hubaal ah ugu qorsheyn kartaa dakhligaaga. Haddii qiimaha suuqa adduunka uu ka sarreeyo habkan, qiimaha lagu bixiyo ganacsiga caddaaladda ayaa sidoo kale kor u kaca.
Jarmalka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybta libaax ee alaabta shukulaatada ayaa wali si caadi ah loo soo saaray. Shukulaatada laga sameeyay ganacsiga caddaaladda ah ee kookaha ayaa weli ah wax soo saar yar, laakiin waxay samaysay horumar weyn, gaar ahaan sannadihii u dambeeyay. Iibinta kookaha Fairtrade ee Jarmalka ayaa kordhay in ka badan toban laab intii u dhaxaysay 2014 iyo 2019, laga bilaabo 7,500 tan ilaa 79,000 oo tan. Sababta ugu weyn: Fairtrade International waxay bilawday barnaamijkeeda kookaha 2014, kaas oo ay ku jiraan kumanaan beeraley ah. Si ka duwan shaabadda caadiga ah ee Fairtrade, diiradda maaha shahaadaynta badeecada dhamaadka, laakiin waxa la saarayaa kookaha cayriin laftiisa.
Cocoa cadaalad ah ee Germany
Korodhka degdega ah ee kookaha caddaaladda ayaa muujinaya in mawduucu gaadhay macaamiisha maxalliga ah iyo soosaarayaasha. Sida laga soo xigtay Transfair, saamiga kookaha ganacsiga caddaaladda ah hadda waa ku dhawaad boqolkiiba siddeed. Haddii aad u aragto in ay tahay mid la yaab leh oo sare ama hoos u dhac waa arrin dhadhan.
Waxa hubaal ah in Jarmalku wali dhadhaminayaan waa shukulaatada. Waxaan nafteena ula dhaqannaa wax u dhigma 95 baararka (sida uu qabo Xiriirka Warshadaha Jarmalka) qofkiiba iyo sanadkaba. Waxaa laga yaabaa in aan sidoo kale ka fikirno beeralayda kookaha iibsashadayada soo socota oo aan ula macaamilno qiimo cadaalad ah. Ma aha mid adag: shukulaatada ganacsiga caddaaladda ah hadda waxaa laga heli karaa qiimo dhimis kasta.
