John Myers
Iiorenji, iitangerines, kunye neelamuni ziyimithombo emangalisayo yeevithamini. Nokuba kwisaladi yeziqhamo, njenge-snack yabantwana abancinci okanye esandula ukucudiswa - iziqhamo ze-citrus zinambitha ngokumangalisayo kwaye zihlaziya kuzo zonke iintlobo.
Izinambuzane zisongela iiorenji, iitangerines, kunye neelamuni
Ukulima iiorenji, iitangerines, neelamuni asingomdlalo wabantwana. I-Citrus mealybugs, abasebenzi basezimayini zamagqabi, iimpukane zeziqhamo zeMeditera, i-Australian mealybugs, iinkuku ezixhaphakileyo zesigcawu, amaxolo abomvu, iimpukane ezimhlophe, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo iintwala – zonke (kunye nezinye ezininzi) zinethagethi ekhethwayo kwimimandla ekhulayo yeOrenji & Co.: imithi yesitrasi. .
Iziqhamo zeCitrus zihlala zitshizwa
Zonke ezi zinambuzane ezinobungozi zihlasela amaqabunga, iintyatyambo, amahlumela amancinci, kwaye akusoloko iziqhamo ezivuthwayo. Okukhona ezi zinambuzane zidibana kwigadi yeorenji okanye itangerine, kokukhona isivuno sincinci. Ewe, kukho nesoyikiso sokungaphumeleli ngokupheleleyo kwezityalo. Kuyaqondakala xa abalimi besitrasi befikelela kwizitshizi zabo kuphawu lokuqala lohlaselo lwezinambuzane.
Ekubeni, ngokuqinisekileyo, akuzona zonke izinambuzane ezibonakala ngexesha elifanayo lonyaka, ukutshiza kwenziwa ngamaxesha amaninzi ekuhambeni konyaka kunye neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo.
I-Ladybugs njengabancedisi ekulimeni i-orange kunye ne-tangerine
Nangona kunjalo, nakwimihlaba elawulwa ngokuqhelekileyo, kuyaziwa ukuba akukho nto isebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-Australian cotton scale, umzekelo ngaphezu kwe-ladybird enempilo.
Uqongqothwane uza ebhabha imigama emide xa enuka isinambuzane saseOstreliya. Iincukuthu zifuna kuphela inyanga ukuze zisuse ngokusisigxina igadi yeziqhamo yesitrasi egcweleyo kolu didi lweentwala.
Kanye njengokuba i-ladybug inokugcina isinambuzane esikalini phantsi kolawulo, phantse zonke izinambuzane ezinobungozi zineentshaba zendalo enye okanye ngaphezulu: i-sciatica encinci itya i-whitefly, i-gall midge itya i-spider mite kunye noonomeva abathile be-parasitic bakhethekileyo kwi-citrus mealybug. Kodwa njenge ladybug, badinga iiveki ezimbalwa zokuzinza kwaye benze umsebenzi wabo.
Izitshizi zikwabulala izinambuzane eziluncedo
Kodwa ayinguye wonke umlimi onesibindi sokulinda inyanga yonke ukuze abone ukuba ngaba ooqongqothwane abaneleyo, iintaka zenyongo, kunye noonomeva bezinambuzane bayafika. Kwaye ukuba kukho ezinye izinambuzane ezinobungozi ezinokubonwa, ziyatshizwa.
Emva koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, kungekhona kuphela izinambuzane ezijoliswe kuzo ezifayo, kodwa kunye ne-ladybug, esabela ngokukodwa kwiikhemikhali, kunye nezinye izinambuzane ezininzi eziluncedo.
Ngoku isityalo sixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kukhuseleko lwekhemikhali njengoko ibhalansi yebhayoloji itshatyalaliswa. Ukutshiza kusetyenziswa rhoqo nangakumbi ukuze kuthintelwe ilahleko yezityalo kwaye kungabeki engozini ubukho bomntu.
Chitha ngokuchasene nokhula, umngundo, kunye neziqhamo eziphambi kwexesha ukuwa
Kodwa imichiza ayisetyenziswanga kuphela kwizinambuzane kodwa nakwikhula, izifo ezohlukeneyo zokungunda, kwaye (kwiiveki eziphambi kokuvuna) ukuwisa iziqhamo ngaphambi kwexesha.
Esi samva senziwe ngolawulo lokukhula olwenziwayo, olusebenzisa impembelelo yehomoni kumthi wesitrasi ukuze ungaphinde ukhuphe iziqhamo zawo ezivuthiweyo (kungenjalo unokufumana imivumbo), kodwa kufuneka ulinde iqela lokuvuna.
Indlela yokufaka umbala kwiziqhamo ze-citrus eziluhlaza
Xa ekugqibeleni iziqhamo zenziwe kakuhle kwaye zingenachaphaza kwiikhreyithi zazo, iintsuku zokuhlambela ngemichiza yeeorenji, ii-tangerines, njl.
Ukuba amaqondo obushushu abesephezulu kakhulu ngexesha lokuvuna, iziqhamo zesitrasi zivunwa zibe luhlaza. Kule meko, umbala awunanto ininzi yokwenza kunye neqondo lokuvuthwa, kodwa ngokwenene kuphela ngokungabikho kwexesha elibandayo.
Ngesi sizathu, iziqhamo ze-citrus eziluhlaza zihlala zibonwa kwiimarike kumazwe ashushu, kodwa zivuthwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye ke incasa incasa emangalisayo, imnandi kwaye inevumba elimnandi.
Iiorenji kunye neemandarin ezisuka kwingingqi yeMeditera, nangona kunjalo, zivunwa ziluhlaza kuphela ukuba zintlobo zakuqala kakhulu. NgoNovemba mva nje, kuya kuba kupholile e-autumnally eSpain nase-Itali. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu ebusuku awela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-12 degrees, isiqhamo siya kuguqula umbala owaziwayo we-orenji phakathi kweentsuku ezimbalwa.
Iziqhamo eziluhlaza zesitrasi, okt xa ixesha lokubanda lifikile ixesha elide, kufuneka kuqala "dayiwe" kwiorenji oyifunayo. Oku kwenzeka kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba ngamagumbi okuvuthwa, apho isiqhamo sidibana negesi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ethylene. I-Ethylene iqinisekisa ukuba isiqhamo sijika i-orange enhle okanye, kwimeko ye-lemons, i-yellow yellow.
Ngethamsanqa, i-ethylene ayiyona ikhemikhali eyingxaki, kodwa ihomoni yesityalo eveliswa ziziqhamo ezininzi ngokwazo.
Imichiza emva kokuvunwa
Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina isiqhamo azinabungozi kangako. Eminye yale michiza yenzelwe ukukhusela iiorenji, iitangerines, kunye neelamuni ekonakalisweni kukungunda nokubola ngexesha lokugcinwa kwazo kunye namaxesha okuthunyelwa kwazo. Ezinye zenzelwe ukuthintela ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Kwaye kanye ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto azinabungozi, iileyibhile ezikwiikhreyithi zeziqhamo okanye iinethi zeziqhamo kufuneka zichaze ukuba iziqhamo zesitrasi zinyangwe. Unokukhetha kwi-imazalil, i-biphenyl (E230), i-orthophenylphenol (E231), i-sodium orthophenylphenol (E232), okanye i-thiabendazole.
Ukuba isiqhamo sitshizwe kwisiqhamo, oku kufuneka kubonakale nakwileyibhile. Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela ukukhankanywa okucacileyo kwe-thiabendazole kufunwa ngumthetho. Ukuba, kwelinye icala, ezinye iikhemikhali zisetyenzisiwe, ileyibhile idla ngokuthi "igciniwe".
Isichiza sokungunda i-imazalil sithathwa njengenomhlaza
I-Imazalil yenziwa kwihlabathi jikelele. Sisibulali ntsholongwane sokungunda, oko kukuthi iarhente echasene nomngundo kunye nohlaselo lomngundo. Kwizifundo zezilwanyana, imichiza ibangele isibindi kunye ne-thyroid tumors kwaye ibe nemiphumo emibi kuphuhliso kunye namandla okuzala.
Kwezinye iimeko, kuye kwakho ukwehla koxinzelelo lwegazi, ukuphazamiseka kolungelelwaniso, kunye nokungcangcazela. Ukongezelela, i-substance ithathwa njengetyhefu kwiintlanzi kwaye iyingozi kwindalo.
Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezibonelelwe yi-United States, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo (EPA) kunye neSebe lezoLimo lase-United States (i-USDA) iNkqubo yeDatha yeZitshabalalisi zeZitshabalalisi (PDP), i-45-pound (20 kg) umda wobunzima bomntwana weziqhamo zesitrasi ezinyangwa nge-Imazalil kukhuselekile ukutyiwa linyathelo lokhuseleko kwi-400 g kuphela, elinokulingana malunga ne-6 yeetangerines ezincinci.
Kubantu abadala, inqanaba lokunyamezela i-toxins yolu hlobo liphezulu, ukwenzela ukuba - ngokutsho kwabasemagunyeni baseMerika - umntu unokutya i-630 grams yeziqhamo ze-citrus eziphathwayo ngaphandle kokunikezela kwityhefu.
I-Orthophenylphenol - Ukusuka kwisongezo sokutya ukuya kwisibulali-zinambuzane
Ezinye ii-agent ezimbini ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha iiorenji, i-tangerines, kunye nezinye iziqhamo zesitrasi yi-orthophenylphenol kunye ne-sodium orthophenylphenol. Zombini zivunyiwe njengezongezo zokutya okanye izigcini zokutya - kungoko amanani e-E.
Kodwa oko sele kuza kutshintsha. Izinto mhlawumbi ziyingozi kakhulu kwaye kwixa elizayo kufuneka zibe kudidi lwezitshabalalisi, apho imichiza ingena ngcono kakhulu.
Njengezinye izibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi zemichiza, ezi zinto zimbini zinetyhefu kakhulu emanzini nakwimekobume. Kuvavanyo lwezilwanyana, ziye zabangela umhlaza wesinyi kwaye zinokubangela isicaphucaphu kunye nokugabha ebantwini, nakwimali encinci. Abantu abanolusu nabo akufuneki bavumele izinto okanye iziqhamo ezinyangwa ngazo zingene eluswini lwabo.
Thiabendazole – intshulube kwi tangerine
I-Thiabendazole ngokungathandabuzekiyo sesona sigcini sesitrasi sisetyenziswa kakhulu. Xa ingatshizwanga kwi-orenji okanye i-tangerine peels, isetyenziswa njenge-anthelmintic, oku kuthetha ukuba i-wormer.
Noko ke, ayisetyenziswa nje kuphela kwiintshulube kwizilwanyana kodwa, ngokomzekelo, xa abantu bezisa imibungu efudukayo ekhaya ivela kwiiholide kwimimandla ekweleenjiko. Imibungu ezulazulayo itya iipaseji ezibonakalayo phantsi kwesikhumba - ubukhulu becala emilenzeni, ezingalweni, okanye ezimpundu.
I-Thiabendazole inokonakalisa isibindi kwaye iphazamise ukusebenza kwe-bile, ngokuqinisekileyo kuxhomekeke kumthamo osetyenzisiweyo.
Iyeza linokuba luncedo kakhulu kwimeko yongxamiseko. Kwaye kunye nombungu ojikelezayo kwi-butt yakho, uyakuvuyela ukuthatha umngcipheko malunga nemiphumo emibi. Nangona kunjalo, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba umntu angafuna na ukubandakanya intshulube kunye nayo yonke i-tangerine.
Khula kwiiorenji kunye neelamuni
Ngethamsanqa, iziqhamo ezigciniweyo kulula ukuzibona nokuba ileyibhile yayingekho. Zibengezela ngokugqithisileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, azikhanyi ngenxa yemichiza egcinayo, kodwa ngenxa yewax ekufakwe kuyo isiqhamo ukuze singomi ngokukhawuleza kwaye sinokugcinwa iinyanga ukuba kuyimfuneko.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iziqhamo ezimbalwa ze-citrus ezifakwe kuphela kodwa zinganyangwa ngamachiza. Oku kungenxa yokuba imichiza sele ixutywe kwi-wax.
Kusetyenziswa iiwax zendalo okanye ezenziweyo. Kakade ke, banjalo, ukuba z. B. iquka i-shellac (E904), into evela kwinambuzane yesikali se-lacquer. I-Carnauba wax (E903) nayo i-wax yendalo. Yenziwe ngamagqabi esundu saseCarnauba.
Ii-wax zokwenziwa zibandakanya ezo zisekelwe kwiparafini (E905) okanye into ebizwa ngokuba yi-polyethylene wax oxidates (E914).
Iwax yendalo okanye eyenziweyo yayingajoliswanga ukusetyenziswa ekuqaleni. Umonakalo obangelwa yi-wax awaziwa, nangona kunjalo, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo zikhutshelwa ngaphandle zingatshintshi. Nangona kunjalo, iziqhamo ezenziwe ngewax zibhengezwa ngenqaku elithi "Waxed".
Ungcoliseko olunqamlezayo ngemigca yokupakisha lunokwenzeka
Nangona kunjalo, iziqhamo ze-citrus aziqulathanga kuphela ezo khemikhali ezazitshizwe okanye ziphathwe ngazo, kodwa zihluke ngokupheleleyo.
Kuphononongo olwenziwa yiJamani iFruit Trade Association kunye neYunivesithi yaseHohenheim ngo-2010, kwafunyaniswa ukuba into ebizwa ngokuba yi-cross-contamination ingenzeka lula kwimigca yokupakisha.
Iziqhamo ezingcoliseke kakhulu zishiya iintsalela zemichiza kumgca wokupakisha, ezithi zifunxwe ziziqhamo ezilandelayo, ezinokungcoliseka kancinci. Ungcoliseko olunqamlezileyo ngeebhokisi ezisebenzisekayo kwakhona lunokucingeleka.
Iintsalela ezinetyhefu kwiiorenji, iitangerines kunye nezinye iziqhamo zesitrasi
Ngazo zonke iikhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambi nangemva kokuvuna, akufanele kumangalise ukuba uhlalutyo lwe-residu lufumene i-80 izithako ezisebenzayo kwi-pesticides - njengoko kwakunjalo, umzekelo, kuphando lwe-Ofisi ye-Bavarian State yezeMpilo kunye noKhuseleko lokutya kwi-2010.
Ngelo xesha, iisampulu ze-94 zeziqhamo ze-citrus ezivela kwi-wholesale kunye nentengiso yokuthengisa zahlolwa. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho iisampulu zeziqhamo eziyi-80 eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-14 yeesampuli eziphilayo.
Ngelixa isiqingatha sesiqhamo se-organic sasingenayo i-residue ngokupheleleyo kwaye esinye isiqingatha sibonisa kuphela imichiza yeekhemikhali, zonke iisampulu ze-80 eziqhelekileyo ziqulethe iintsalela ezicacileyo ze-sprays ezinobuthi kunye nezithinteli - kwaye kungekhona nje iintsalela ezivela kwinto enye, kodwa ukusuka ezininzi ngexesha elinye.
Kwanesiqingatha sazo zonke iziqhamo eziqhelekileyo zinemichiza emihlanu ukuya kwesixhenxe eyahlukeneyo kwaye enye ipesenti ezingama-20 kwaneentsalela ezisibhozo okanye ngaphezulu. Iorenji yaseGrisi yayingoyena mdlali ubalaseleyo ngecocktail enetyhefu yeekhemikhali ezili-12 ezahlukeneyo.
Ezi arhente zikhankanywe ngasentla zingama-80 zifunyaniswe amaxesha angama-464 ngale ndlela. Amaxabiso omda agqithwe kuphela kwipesenti ezi-4 zamatyala, anokuthi abonise ukuba amaxabiso omda abekwe phezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iOfisi yeLizwe laseBavaria ichaze iiorenji eziveliswa ngokwesiqhelo, iitangerines, kunye neelamuni njengeziqhamo “ezingcoliseke kakhulu”.
Iluncedo kangakanani into yokuba amakhreyithi okanye iinetlabels zichaze ukuba isiqhamo sinyangwe na emva kokuba sivuniwe. Ezi ziqhamo zihlala zitshizwe kakhulu phambi kokuvuna, ngelixa iiorenji eziphilayo, iitangerines eziphilayo, njl.njl. kunqabile ukuba zinyangwe emva kokuvuna - kwaye ukuba zinjalo, ngoko ke kuphela ngeewax zendalo, ekuye kwachazwa ukuba zifanelekile.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweziqhamo ze-citrus eziphilayo zine-matt surface kwaye ke aziphathwanga.
Amaxolo e-citrus anyangweyo awatyiwa!
Isibhengezo esithile seziqhamo eziphathwayo kufuneka nakweyiphi na imeko ithintele ulusu ukuba lungasetyenziselwa ukubhaka okanye ukupheka zokupheka.
Amaxolo e-citrus anyangwayo akufuneki aphele kwi-compost, njengoko benokuthi batyebise umhlaba ngemichiza, eyona nto ufuna ukuyiphepha kwigadi yendalo.
Bekuya kuba kuhle ukuba isiqhamo sikhuhle ngocoselelo kumanzi ashushu okanye adikidiki phambi kokuba sixotyulwe. Kodwa nangona kunjalo akuyi kuba nako ukususa ngokupheleleyo iintsalela. Emva kokuxobula isiqhamo, kufuneka uhlale uhlamba izandla zakho kakuhle (kwaye uxelele abantwana ukuba benze okufanayo) ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukutya.
Ngelishwa, imichiza obunayo kwiminwe yakho ingena kwisiqhamo esixotshiweyo nangexesha lokuxobula.
I-Tangerines kunye ne-clementines, ezidla ngokutyiwa ngesandla ngqo kwaye abantwana abathanda ukuya nazo kwi-kindergarten okanye esikolweni, akufuneki ke ngoko kuthengwe ngesiqhelo, oko kukuthi, umgangatho owenziweyo, kodwa uhlala usemgangathweni we-organic.
Ngokunjalo, iziqhamo ofuna ukuzisebenzisa izikhumba zazo kufuneka zibe organic.
Kuba kutheni uthatha umngcipheko weekhemikhali xa kukho iitangerines ezimangalisayo kunye neeorenji kurhwebo lokutya okuphilayo okungahlali nje kungaphathwanga emva kokuvuna kodwa nokuvuthwa kwangaphambili ngaphandle kweekhemikhali kwaye endaweni yoko ngoncedo lwe-ladybugs & co?
