Allison Turner
Iimveliso ezigqityiweyo azinakuthengiseka ngaphandle kwezinongo. Kuba iipakethi zeesuphu, izinto ezigcinayo okanye iiyogathi ziya kungcamla kancinci ngaphandle kwazo. Ngenxa yokuba abathengi bayayigatya incasa eyenziweyo, iincasa zendalo ziyasetyenziswa. Kodwa asiyondalo inyulu – siza kukuxelela ukuba ungawaqaphela njani amavumba kwaye uwaphephe ngokulula.
I-24 i-blueberries emnandi ingabonwa kwi-package ye "Fritt fruit bar", i-candy chewy kunye ne-vitamin C. Kodwa akukho siqhamo sesiqhamo kuyo. Ngokoluhlu lwezithako kwipakethe, "ivumba" lizisa incasa yeblueberry. Kwipakethe ye "Thai Chef Soup", inkukhu enencasa, iziqwenga ezisibhozo zenkukhu ezisikiweyo ziyakulinga. Oku kubandakanya: ipesenti zero inyama, kodwa i-flavour enhancers E 621 kunye ne-E 635 kwaye kwakhona: ivumba. Iibhotile ze "Actimel Vanilla" kunye nokupakishwa kubonisa iintyatyambo ze-vanilla ezingama-20. Akukho mkhondo we-vanilla kwiibhotile ezincinci. Incasa yevanilla ivela kwivumba elimnandi.
Iincasa zifumaneka kwiimveliso ezininzi
Ngala kunye nezinye iimveliso ze-27 ezivela kwisaphulelo esiqhelekileyo, iziko leengcebiso kubathengi baseHamburg babhala oko TEST sele igxeka ixesha elide: I-Flavorings isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa umgangatho ekutyeni okungekho kule fomu. Nokuba ziimveliso ezikhaphukhaphu okanye iziselo zobisi, iisoseji zabantwana okanye iziselo ezithambileyo, UVAVANYO lugxeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kweencasa ezongezwa kwiimveliso.
I-German Association of the Flavour Industry (DVAI) yabala ukuba wonke umntu utya iikhilogram ezili-137 zokutya okunencasa minyaka le. Umgca ophantsi kukusetyenziswa kwe-137 grams yevumba elicocekileyo nge-capita kunye nonyaka. Malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 ziincasa “zendalo”, iipesenti ezingama-28 “ziyafana nendalo” kwaye zimbini kuphela iipesenti “ezingezozamvelo” iincasa.
Iziselo ezithambileyo zenza owona mlinganiselo mkhulu wokusetyenziswa kwevumba elimnandi, zilandelwa ziimveliso zobisi kunye neesoseji. Izidlo ezisele zilungile, kwelinye icala, eziye zanxulunyaniswa kakhulu neziqholo, zibalelwa kumlinganiselo omncinci wemihla ngemihla yokutya okunencasa. Iincasa zinokufunyanwa nasekutyeni apho ubungayi kuzilindela ngokuyimfuneko: imixube ye-nut elula ukuze ixutywe phambi komabonwakude okanye i-juice spritzers.
Iincasa: Ezinencasa
Iincasa zizinto zekhemikhali ezineempawu zencasa ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa incasa. Ishishini longeza iziqholo ekutyeni ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo: Apho iziqholo zingahoywanga ngexesha lemveliso, ukugcinwa, ukusetyenzwa nokugcinwa, iziqholo zihlawulela ezi ntsilelo. Njengesiqholo, zikwasebenza ukujikeleza kunye nokucokisa incasa.
Ngaphaya koko, ukongezwa kwamavumba kungasetyenziselwa ukwenza iincasa ezahlukeneyo ezenza ukutya kucace. Lo ngumba obalulekileyo weemveliso ezinophawu. Incasa isenokusetyenziswa ukwenza izinto ezikrwada ezingenancasa nezingenavumba zibe kukutya okunomtsalane. Ngoko ukuba iitumato ezivela kwi-greenhouse incasa njengamanzi, i-soy paste ayithathi hlangothi kwaye ingulube evela kwifama yasefektri ayikho nto, iimveliso ezisele zilungile kunye nezi zithako zincedwa nje ngevumba elincinane.
Inye kuphela igram yevumba elifunekayo ukongeza incasa kwikhilogram yokutya. Nangona kunjalo, yintoni ekugqibeleni kwisuphu enkonkxiweyo, i-pizza esele yenziwe okanye umxube wesonka uhlala uyimfihlo yenkampani. Ipakethe ichaza kuphela ukuba ivumba "lendalo", "indalo-iyafana" okanye "ivumba".
Ukuqhola sisithethe
Ukutya okunencasa akuyonto yanamhlanje. Ezona ndlela zindala zokwenza ukutya kunuke ngakumbi kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuhlala ixesha elide kubandakanya ukutshaya intlanzi kunye nenyama kunye nekhaphetshu ebilisiweyo ukwenza i-sauerkraut, eyenza ukuba ikhaphetshu ihlale kwaye inike inqaku elimuncu. Iioyile ezibalulekileyo kunye nezicatshulwa zezityalo ziye zasetyenziswa ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-19 ukwenza ukutya kube mnandi.
Iziqhamo ezinjalo zangempela okanye izicatshulwa ze-spice zisadlala indima nanamhlanje, ngakumbi ngesiselo kunye nabavelisi bokutya bendalo. Umzekelo weyogathi yeziqhamo: Endaweni yeencasa zeziqhamo zendalo ezingeyonyani, eziveliswa ngomthi ngee-enzymes elabhoratri, zisebenzisa iziqhamo zokwenyani okanye izicatshulwa zendalo kwaye zidale indibaniselwano “emnandi”, umzekelo, i-orenji-sea buckthorn, imango. -i-vanilla okanye i-raspberry-elderberry.
Ngenxa yokuba akukho nto yonke imveliso yendalo inencasa eninzi. Iincasa zenza i-0.005 ukuya kwi-0.01 ekhulwini lobunzima bubonke besiqhamo. Kwakhona, abasoloko baninzi ababoneleli bencasa yendalo. Ukuba, umzekelo, umntu wayefuna ukugubungela imfuno ye-vanilla ngokukodwa kwi-pulp ye-vanilla pod, imveliso yehlabathi iya kwanela ukusetyenziswa eJamani, icacisa i-DVAI. Oku akunakwenzeka nje kuphela, kodwa kuyabiza kakhulu kunencasa evela kwilabhoratri. Iigram ezingama-25 zevanillin yokwenziwa ngexabiso elimalunga neesenti ezingama-35 zinevumba elimnandi njengekhilogram yevanila yokwenyani malunga nama-75 eeuro.
Ukukopela nge-vanilla flavour
Nangona kunjalo, nabani na owake wangcamla i-vanilla yokwenyani kunye ne-vanillin uya kwazi ukuba amava okungcamla awafani. Iphunga le-vanilla yendalo liya nzulu kwaye ligcwele ngakumbi kune-vanillin. Yiyo loo nto abanye ababoneleli beemveliso zobisi bebuyele ekusulungekiseni iyogathi kunye nencasa yeembotyi zevanila yokwenyani, nokuba oku ziisenti ezimbalwa zibiza ngaphezulu.
Ngenxa yokuba ivumba le-vanilla elifunyenwe ngokuzenzekelayo alisondeli kwinto yokwenyani kwaye inqaku elithi “vanillin” kwileyibhile alibonakali lilungile kangako, ukukopa kuyenziwa ngamanye amaxesha. Iziko loKutya lase-Oldenburg le-Ofisi yeState ye-Lower Saxony yoKhuseleko lwaBathengi kunye noKutya yafumanisa oku kwixesha elidlulileyo. Iqale yaphonononga iisampulu ze-ayisikrimu ezinencasa ezingama-20 ezisuka kwiindawo ze-ayisikrimu. Isiphumo esibalulekileyo: isampuli enye kuphela equlethe i-vanilla yokwenyani.
Emva koko, i-vanilla premixes yokuveliswa kwe-ayisikrimu kunye neswekile ye-vanilla kwiivenkile zokubhaka zazijoliswe ngokusondeleyo. Abahloli bokutya bafumanisa ukuba i-16 kwimixube ye-18 yayingenayo i-vanilla yokwenyani, nangona oku kwachazwa ngokucacileyo, kodwa i-vanillin. Kwiingxowa ezili-14 kwakukho neegranule zevanilla ezimnyama, ezithi ngokwazo zigqalwe njengobungqina bangaphandle bokuba i-vanilla yokwenyani ikhona. Ngapha koko, xa ivanila yeswekile yeebhakayi yavavanywa, ziingxowa ezimbini kuphela kwezisixhenxe ezazine-vanillin eveliswe ngokwenziwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yeNgingqi yaseCelle yagweba kwingxelo yokuba imeko icacile ngokusemthethweni. "Nantoni na ethi 'i-vanilla' kuyo kufuneka ibe ne-vanilla yokwenyani, yile nto ilindelwe ngumthengi."
Imimiselo yomthetho kunye noluhlu olufanelekileyo lweencasa
Kwangexesha elide, kwakungacaci kwi-EU ukuba yeyiphi i-flavour evunyelwe ukuba isetyenziswe kuzo zonke-kwaye ingaba luncedo kwimpilo. Iincasa kudala zijongiwe eYurophu. Kwangowe-1988, oonogada bezempilo ababehlala kwindawo yaseYurophu ngoko bagqiba ekubeni bazise ummiselo wokunambitha. Uluhlu olulungileyo kufuneka lwenziwe kwaye zonke iziqholo kufuneka zirekhodwe kwaye zivavanywe ezinxulumene nempilo. Ingqondo: Ezi yayizizinto ezazisele zisetyenziswa kangangeminyaka.
Kodwa akuzange kube yi-2009, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 emva kwesigqibo, ukuba uMthetho omtsha we-EU Flavors uqalise ukusebenza. Injongo kukulungelelanisa ukusetyenziswa kwevumba kunye nezithako zokutya ezineempawu zevumba kunye nasekutyeni. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ummiselo omtsha ulawula ukuleyibhile kwipakethe kwaye uchaza ubuninzi bezinto zendalo, ezingafunekiyo kumavumba, njenge-coumarin. Olu tshintsho luqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 21, 2011. IKomishoni yaseYurophu iye yenza uluhlu oluncomekayo ngo-Oktobha 2012, apho dweliswe zonke izinto ezivumelekileyo.
Iincasa: Iimali zokusetyenziswa zigqwethiwe
Ngenye indlela, ubuninzi bezinto eziveliswayo ngokomenzi zithathwa njengesiseko kwaye zahlulwe ngenani labathengi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunika umphumo ongachanekanga kakhulu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, akuthethwa ukuba yonke into efika emarikeni, kwitroli yokuthenga okanye kwipleyiti iyatyiwa. Izixa ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngabantwana, abafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala nazo azithathelwa ngqalelo. Enye indlela ibala ukuba zingaphi iincasa ezikukutya okwahlukeneyo kwaye zingaphi iigram azityayo nezisela umthengi ngosuku ngalunye. Isiphumo esiza apha sikholisa ukuqikelela ukurekhoda. Amaxabiso ngamanye amaxesha angama-105 aphezulu kunenye indlela.
Kuyinyani ukuba izixa zezinto ezinencasa ezisetyenzisiweyo zihlala zisebumnyameni. Kwaye uvavanyo lubonise ukuba uninzi lwamavumba avela kwimizi-mveliso mhlawumbi alubeki mngcipheko wezempilo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvavanywa kwezinto kukwabonisa ukuba kukho iinxalenye zencasa eziyityhefu okanye ezingafunekiyo. Ezi ziquka i<em>coumarin ekwisinamoni, enokubangela ukonakala kwesibindi nezintso, i<em>quinine, eyaziwa ngokuba ziziselo ezikrakrayo, ne<em>hydrocyanic acid enetyhefu evela kwi<em>almond ezikrakra, ezisetyenziselwa ukubhaka.
Kukho izithintelo zobuninzi obusemthethweni kuzo zonke ezi zinto. Ezinye izinto ziye zavalwa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lophononongo. Ezi ziquka i-methyleugenol kunye ne-estragol, ekwimo esecaleni inokubangela umhlaza. Ezi zinto zimbini ziyenzeka njengezinongo zendalo kwiziqholo ezininzi kunye nemifuno, njenge-basil, i-aniseed, imbewu yefennel kunye ne-tarragon. Akukho ngozi apha.
Kukwakho umngcipheko wezempilo kubantu abakwaliwayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo asizizo ishumi ukuya kuma-20 ekhulwini levumba elibangela iingxaki, kodwa ivumba eliseleyo liphakathi kwama-80 ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini. Ezi ziquka i-solvents, idayi, i-antioxidants kunye ne-preservatives. Ngaphezu kwako konke, nangona kunjalo, abathwali kunye nezinto ezikhaphayo kwiincasa ezisekwe kwiprotheyini eveliswa kwimizi-mveliso kunokukhokelela kukwaliwa okuqatha. I-Soy, ubisi kunye neeprotheni zenkukhu zinokubangela iingxaki. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka zichongwe kuluhlu lwezithako kwi-package.
Iincasa ezikhethwayo ziqeqeshwa kwangethuba
Ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba iziqholo ziyayicaphukisa imvakalelo yabantwana yokungcamla. Okukhona kuqalisa kwangethuba, kokukhona kuhlala ixesha elide. Unjingalwazi uHanns Hatt osuka kwiSebe leBiology yeCell kwiYunivesithi yaseBochum uthi: “Izinto ezigcinwa kwincasa ebuntwaneni zilawula kamva. Uphononongo olwenziwe yiTechnologie Transfer Zentrum Bremerhaven (TTZ) lubonisa ukuba abantwana abatya ukutya okunencasa eyenziweyo kwasebuncinaneni bakhetha kamva. Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba ezo zisetyenziselwa incasa yebhanana eyenziweyo, i-vanillin okanye i-synthetic strawberry flavoring ekhethiweyo yokutya okunencasa kunye nokungathandi iyogathi yendalo efakwe ngamaqunube okwenene, umzekelo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutya okunencasa ngokukodwa kudla ngokuba namafutha amaninzi kunye neswekile, nto leyo enokuthi ibe nefuthe elibi kubunzima bomzimba.
Yintoni incasa enzulu kakhulu ikuhenda ukuba utye izabelo ezikhulu-ezingalungelwanga nakumfanekiso wakho. "Izifundo zovavanyo ezitya ukutya okunencasa kunye neziqholo zidle izixa ezikhulu kunabathathi-nxaxheba bophononongo abatye ukutya okungafakwanga," itshilo ingcali yolwazi oluvela kuvavanyo kunye nenkonzo yolwazi lwesondlo, ezolimo kunye namahlathi. UKirsten Buchecker ovela kwi-TTZ eBremerhaven, ophanda izinto ezithandwa ngabantwana, uyazi ukuba iimveliso ezingcamla kakhulu zikwathandwa kakhulu ngabancinane: “Iziphumo eziphuma kwilabhoratri yethu zibonisa ukuba abantwana ngokubanzi bakuthanda kakhulu ukutya okunencasa.” Uye waqaphela ukuba abantu basela iijusi ezinencasa ngakumbi kunezo zinencasa engathathi hlangothi. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwandisa i-calorie intake.
I-German Aroma Association ayifuni ukuba amavumba anikwe i-buck. Ubhala athi: “Kuyinxalenye yesithethe esilinyiweyo sokutya ukuba ubani ayeke ukutya xa kumnandi. Ukuba uhlala utya ngaphezu kokulungileyo kuwe, oku kukhokelela ekuzuzeni ubunzima kwaye ekugqibeleni kukutyeba. Nangona kunjalo, ama-aromas awanatyala ngoku, kodwa kukutya okungalawulwayo. Umbuzo kuphela kukuba ingaba inokugqithiselwa ebantwaneni.
I-Flavour Latin: I-ABC ye-Flavorings
Izinongo zendalo zinokuvela kwiincindi zezityalo okanye kwi-distillates yezityalo okanye zezilwanyana. Incasa akunyanzelekanga ukuba ifunyenwe kwinto ekhankanyiweyo, oko kukuthi incasa yesitrobheli hayi kumaqunube, kodwa kuphela kuyo nayiphi na into eyenzeka ngokwendalo, umzekelo kwi-wood substance lignin. Uninzi lweencasa zendalo ngoku zifumaneka kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ze-enzymatic okanye ze-microbiological. Oku kunexabiso eliphantsi kunokulikhupha kwiziqhamo okanye okunye ukutya kwendalo. Iimicroorganisms ezisetyenziswayo zihlala zivela kwimveliso yobunjineli bemfuza.
Izinongo ezifana nendalo ziya zithatyathelw' indawo zizinongo zendalo ngenxa yokuba imveliso yazo ayibizi kakhulu ngenxa yeenkqubo ze-microbiological kwaye ingxelo ethi "yendalo" nayo ithandwa kakhulu ngabathengi. Izinto ezifana nendalo zinento encinci yokwenza nendalo. Ezi zikhompawundi zeekhemikhali ezifanayo nento eyenzekayo kwindalo. Iincasa zendalo kunye nezendalo ezifanayo azifuni mvume eJamani. Zigqalwa njengokutya.
Ngokwenkcazo, i-aroma extracts ayilovumba, kodwa isiqhamo sokwenyani, imifuno okanye i-spice extracts kunye nemixube yazo. Zibhalwe ngokufana, umzekelo njenge "vanilla extract".
Iincasa ezenziweyo, kwelinye icala, kufuneka zivunyelwe. Zifunyenwe ngokwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kodwa azinamlingani wendalo. EJamani, ii-flavour eziyi-18 ezenziweyo zivumelekile, kodwa zisetyenziswa ngaphantsi nangaphantsi. Ukuba imimiselo ye-EU iyasebenza, amagama athi "indalo efanayo" kunye nevumba elithi "artificial" liya kunyamalala ngokupheleleyo. Ukongeza kwi-aromas yendalo, kukho kuphela igama elithi "i-aroma", emva koko i-artificial okanye i-aromance-efana nendalo okanye imixube inokufihla.
Ivumba lomsi okanye igama elithi "umsi" lihlala lifumaneka kwiimveliso zesoseji kunye noshizi. Oku akukona ukutya okutsha, kodwa iimveliso ezifumene ukongezwa komsi wolwelo. Oku kufunyanwa ngokugqithisela umsi kwisinyibilikisi. Imigangatho emibini yenziwa: Okokuqala, isigaba se-tarry, esiqulethe izinto ezinobungozi zomsi, kwaye okwesibini, isigaba samanzi kunye neencasa. Umsi wolwelo ke ngoko ukhuselekile ngokwetyhefu kunomsi osandul' ukwenziwa. I-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) isandula kuvavanya indlela ezikhuseleke ngayo incasa yomsi yomntu ngamnye yaza yanika ingxelo “yokuxhalaba ngokhuseleko” kwizinto ezininzi. Ezi nkxalabo kufuneka zisonjululwe ekudalweni koluhlu lokugqibela loluntu. Ngokunyaniseka kwe-EU Flavors Ordinance ukususela ngoJanuwari 2011, incasa yomsi kufuneka ibhengezwe ngokucacileyo “njengencasa yomsi”. Kuze kube ngoko, banokufihla phantsi kwegama elihlangeneyo elithi "ivumba".
Inyaniso emva kwevumba
Isalathiso esithi "iphunga" sihlala sifumaneka kwi-package ye-confectionery, isobho esomileyo okanye i-yogurt. Emva koku kuhlala kukho ivumba elifana nendalo okanye umxube onevumba elimnandi.
Hayi umkhondo wendalo: Ngokoluhlu lwezithako, iilekese kunye nejeli yeziqhamo ezibomvu ezivela kwisikhwama zihlala ziqulethe i-raspberry okanye i-strawberry flavour. Umthengi ke ulindele ivumba elivela kwiziqhamo zokwenyani. Kodwa akukho mkhondo wayo, ubukhulu becala amavumba afana nendalo.
Noko ke, igama elithi “ivumba leraspberry lendalo” lithetha ukuba ama-95 ekhulwini evumba lawo amele avele kweso siqhamo, ngoxa isihlanu ekhulwini esiseleyo sinokuvela kwivumba elithozamisayo.
“Iincasa zendalo kuphela”: Le leyibhile ekutyeni ivakala ilungile, kodwa umgangatho osemva kwayo awukho njalo. Imveliso inokuthi iqulethe iincasa zebhubhoratri zendalo ezenziwe ngama-microorganisms.
Abanye ababoneleli bokutya okukhenkcezisiweyo kunye nezidlo ezisele zilungile zikwenza ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwencasa kunye nezongezo kwaye bakubhengeze oku kwipakethe. Kodwa lumka: Inqaku elithi “Ngaphandle kokongeza incasa” alithethi ukuba azikho izinto ezinjalo kuyo. Abavelisi ke ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa i-yeast extract, equlethe i-glutamate eninzi, nangona yendalo.
Yonke into ephilayo? Izinongo zendalo zivumelekile
Iziqholo zendalo kunye nezicatshulwa zencasa zivumelekile kwiimveliso eziveliswa ngokuhambelana ne-EU Organic Regulation. Nangona kunjalo, izinongo zendalo eziveliswa ziintsholongwane ezikwilabhoratri nazo zinokusetyenziswa.
Iingcebiso zokuphepha iziqholo
Nanini na xa unexesha kunye nomnqweno, ungazilungiselela ukutya kwakho usebenzisa izithako ezintsha. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa abantwana besitya, ukuze bangaziqhelani neemveliso ezinencasa egqithisileyo nencasa esemgangathweni. Kodwa ukutya okutsha kuvakala ngcono.
Ukuba ukhetha iintlobo zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno ezindala kunye nezaziwayo kwingingqi, zonyusa incasa ezahlukeneyo. Unokuzithenga ikakhulu kwiimarike kwaye ngokuthe ngqo kumlimi. Unokuzithumela ngokulula kwikhaya lakho ngenkonzo yokuhanjiswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Thenga iziqhamo nemifuno evuthiweyo kwaye uzilungiselele ngokukhawuleza. Peel kwaye unqumle ngaphambi kokupheka, kwaye upheke imifuno ngolwelo oluncinci kakhulu imizuzu embalwa nje. Oko kukhusela incasa.
Xa uthenga, khetha ukutya okungalungiswanga rhoqo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kuphela kukutya okucutshungulweyo okunokunongwa. Iimveliso ezintsha ezifana neziqhamo kunye nemifuno aziqulathanga naziphi na iziqholo (zokwenziwa).
