Tracy Norris
Akukho okunye ukudla okunedemoni futhi kwenziwa unkulunkulu njengokolweni. Abanye batusa izici ezinhle kakhulu zokubhaka, kanti abanye bakhononda ngobubi bezempilo. Nokho, ukolweni awuwona neze ubungozi kuwo wonke umuntu. Sisusa zonke izinhlobo zokucwasa.
Uphawu lukakolweni
Akukho okunye ukudla okunedumela elibi njengokolweni. Kuthiwa ukolweni ukhuluphalisa futhi ucindezeleke, ngisho nesiphukuphuku. Akubanga njalo. Izimpawu ezihlukahlukene zibonisa ukuthi ukolweni wawubaluleke kangakanani kubantu esikhathini esidlule.
KwabaseGibhithe lasendulo, uhlamvu lukakolweni oluhlwanyelwe, olufa emhlabeni (ngoba luyahluma lube isitshalo), lwalumelela uvuko. AmaGreki asendulo ayebheka ukolweni njengento ephelele yokucatshangelwa okungaqondakali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaRoma ayetshala ukolweni emathuneni ukuze akwazi ukuzuza emandleni abafileyo.
IBhayibheli ligcwele imifanekiso kakolweni. UJesu wathi umbuso wezulu ufana nomuntu ohlwanyela amabele ensimini yakhe. Ngomqondo ongaqondakali, okusanhlamvu okumila ekusithekeni kuwumfanekiso wokuzalwa kabusha kwenhliziyo yomuntu, efihliwe ekuboneni. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi ukolweni ulahlekelwe ukukhanga okungaka kulezi zinsuku? Manje sifuna ukufinyelela ekugcineni kwalo mbuzo neminye eminingi.
Wonke amasiko ayenokusanhlamvu kwawo
Ukutshalwa okuhlelekile kokusanhlamvu kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyi-10,000 edlule. Ezolimo zenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuba abantu abayimizulane bazinze unomphela futhi bangahlali endaweni ethile. Isiko ngalinye lalibonakala ngokutshalwa kwalo okusanhlamvu okuhambisana nesifunda. Ngenkathi irayisi lalitshalwa e-Asia, ummbila wawutshalwa eMelika kanye namabele e-Afrika. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu basenyakatho babelima i-rye nebhali, kanti amaRoma asendulo ayelima ukolweni.
Umsuka Kakolweni
Ngemva kwebhali, ukolweni uwuhlobo lwesibili oludala lokusanhlamvu. Okutholwe okudala kakhulu kuphakathi kuka-7,800 no-5,200 BC. Chr. Ukolweni wavela lapho kuwela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zotshani basendle nokusanhlamvu. Isifunda sokuqala sokukhula ukolweni sasibizwa ngokuthi i-Fertile Crescent futhi sitholakala eMpumalanga Eseduze. Cishe ngo-2,000 BC Phakathi nokufuduka kwe-Indo-European, ukolweni wafika eYurophu.
Izinhlobo zikakolweni ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho uthi nhlá
Ukolweni awuwona nje ukolweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa lonke uhla lwezinhlobo zezitshalo – njengazo zonke izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu – eziyingxenye yotshani obumnandi. Izinhlobo zikakolweni eziyinhloko yilezi:
- einkorn
I-Einkorn ivela ngokuqondile kukolo wasendle futhi iwuhlobo lokuqala lukakolweni olinywayo. Ngekhulu lama-20, okusanhlamvu okungafunwanga kwagwetshwa njengokungabalulekile ngoba isivuno siphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zikakolweni zanamuhla. Okwamanje, abantu baya ngokuya bekhombisa ukubaluleka kohlobo oludala lukakolweni, olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezibalulekile kunokolweni wesimanje, isb. B. cishe ngamaphesenti angama-200 ngaphezulu kwe-lutein (carotenoids d) kanye namaphesenti angama-42 ngaphezulu kwe-zinc. I-Einkorn ikhiqizwa ngesilinganiso esincane, isib. B. itshalwa emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane, e-Italy naseTurkey. Ezitolo zokudla kwezempilo, kuthengiswa imikhiqizo ye-Emmer efana nesinkwa ne-pasta. - i-emmer
I-emmer yehla ohlotsheni lukakolweni olubizwa ngokuthi i-emmer yasendle eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkey. Ezikhathini zasendulo, yayifinyelela eYurophu isuka entshonalanga yePheresiya idlula eGibhithe naseNyakatho Afrika. Okubizwa ngokuthi "Ukolweni WaseRoma" kuphela kwalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwawo eYurophu ezikhathini zanamuhla. I-Emmer ibilokhu ilinywa ngokwandayo futhi kusukela ngekhulu lama-20 kodwa ayikaze ikwazi ukwakhela phezu kwempumelelo yayo yangaphambili. Noma kunjalo, imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-niche efana nokusanhlamvu, isinkwa, i-pasta, nobhiya iya ngokuya ithandwa. - ukolweni othambile
Uma kukhulunywa ngokolweni, ngokuvamile inkulumo isuka kukolo othambile. Igama layo lisho okusanhlamvu okuthambile, okusampuphu. Ukolo othambile uvela ku-Emmer futhi waziwa nangokuthi imbewu noma isinkwa sikakolo. Iwukudla okusanhlamvu okuvame ukutshalwa futhi kuhlanganisa amaphesenti angama-95 okutshalwa kukakolweni emhlabeni wonke. Ufulawa kakolweni othengiswayo osetshenziswa kakhulu ezindlini zonke zenziwe ngokolo othambile. Ukolweni ojwayelekile usetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ukwenza isinkwa nezinye izinto ezibhakwayo. - Spell
I-spelled - eyaziwa nangokuthi isipelingi noma i-Schwabenkorn - ihlobene eduze nokolweni othambile futhi ivela eTurkey. Yayivela esiphambanweni phakathi kwe-emmer yasendle nobunye utshani basendle. Isipelingi sasiwuhlamvu olubalulekile lwezentengiselwano kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18, kodwa ukulima kwehla kancane kancane ngenxa yesivuno esincane kanye nokucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi (okusanhlamvu kunamathele ngokuqinile emakhoba). Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, nokho, isipelingi sithole ukuvuselelwa ngendlela kafulawa, ikhofi, nobhiya. Isipelingi esiluhlaza, njengoba sipelingiwe esivunwa singakavuthwa bese somiswa, sisetshenziswa siphelele noma sigaywe kusobho, ama-patties, kanye nokusabalalisa. - ukolweni we-durum
I-Durum kakolweni yaziwa nangokuthi i-durum, ukolweni we-durum, i-semolina, noma ukolweni wengilazi. Okunzima kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zikakolweni - i-durum isho ukuthi kunzima ngesiLatini - ivela ku-Emmer. Ngemva kukakolweni othambile, ukolweni we-durum wuhlobo lwesibili lukakolweni oluvame kakhulu kodwa lubalelwa kumaphesenti angu-5 kuya kwangu-8 kuphela okukhiqizwa kukakolweni emhlabeni jikelele. Itshalwa kakhulu esifundeni saseMedithera naseMpumalanga Eseduze. Igama elithi ukolweni we-durum libhekisela ekuqineni kokusanhlamvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukolweni we-durum uqukethe i-gluten eningi kunokolweni othambile futhi unesakhiwo esihlukile samaprotheni. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukolweni we-durum ubonakala ngamandla okupheka aphezulu ngakho-ke ulungele ukwenza i-pasta efana ne-pasta. - Khorasan ukolweni
Ukolweni we-Khorasan uwumphumela wesiphambano semvelo phakathi kukakolweni we-durum kanye nohlobo lwasendle lukakolweni. Ingenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zokusanhlamvu ezitshalwayo futhi ekuqaleni zivela eKhorasan (indawo yomlando e-Iran ne-Afghanistan yanamuhla). Kusukela ngo-1990 igama elithi Kamut? okusho umphefumulo womhlaba eGibhithe lasendulo, obhalisiwe futhi ovikelwe nehhovisi lelungelo lobunikazi lase-USA. Ngakho-ke ukutshala nokusabalalisa kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwelayisensi evela enkampanini i-Kamut International. Izindawo ezikhulayo ezibaluleke kakhulu namuhla yiNyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Yurophu.Ukolweni we-Khorasan awufuni futhi awuzweli kakhulu ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni futhi awuphenduli kahle kumanyolo wokwenziwa, yingakho ufaneleka kakhulu ekulimeni okuphilayo, kodwa awukaze ube nentshisekelo ekulimeni okuvamile (njengoba isivuno sincane futhi asikho. inganyuswa ngokungeza umanyolo wokwenziwa). Ngakho-ke ukolweni we-Khorasan ungumkhiqizo we-niche othengiswa kakhulu ezitolo zokudla zezempilo kanye nezitolo zokudla kwezempilo. Njengokolweni we-durum, kuhle ukwenza i-pasta. Izinhlamvu ze-Kamut zikhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu.
Ukolweni: Umehluko phakathi kukakolweni we-durum nokolweni othambile
I-Durum kakolweni kanye nokolweni othambile kwehluka ngezindlela eziningi. Nakuba i-durum wheat idinga isimo sezulu esifudumele, esinelanga, ukolweni othambile weneliswe nesimo sezulu esipholile. Ukubukeka kwezitshalo nokusanhlamvu nakho kuhlukile. I-durum wheat ikhula kancane ubude, izikhwebu zinde futhi izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ziphuzi futhi ziyingilazi ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-beta-carotene. Izinhlamvu zikakolweni othambile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zicishe zibe mhlophe.
I-Durum kakolweni iqukethe isitashi esincane, amaprotheni amaningi, kanye namaphesenti angu-3 ngaphezulu kwe-gluten (i-glue protein) kunokolweni othambile. Ufulawa kakolweni we-Durum uqukethe izingxenye eziqinile njengoba izinhlamvu eziqinile azikwazi ukugaywa kahle. Ufulawa kakolweni we-Durum ungamunca amanzi amaningi ngenxa yokwakheka okuqinile kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-gluten ephezulu. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa isakhiwo esiqinile, esiqinile se-gluten, yingakho inhlama iqinile futhi inzima kakhulu ukusebenza nayo futhi ikhuphuka kancane kancane, kodwa inamandla okupheka aphezulu. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukolweni we-durum ulungele ukwenza i-pasta efana ne-pasta, i-bulgur, i-semolina, ne-couscous.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlama kakolweni ethambile iyanwebeka, ayiqini kakhulu, kulula ukusebenza ngayo, futhi ikhuphuka ngokushesha. Ufulawa kakolweni othambile ungamunca amanzi amancane, yingakho amaqanda kufanele engezwe enhlama lapho kwenziwa i-pasta efana ne-tagliatelle. Isakhiwo se-gluten sibuthakathaka futhi amandla okupheka ngakho-ke aphansi.
EJalimane, isibonelo, isinkwa ngokuyinhloko senziwa ngokolweni othambile, njengoba inhlama eqinile ilungele isinkwa esicolekile njengesib. Uma uke wadla isinkwa sase-Italy esiseningizimu njenge-Pane Pugliese (isinkwa esivela ku-Puglia), esiqinile futhi esinamaqhafuqhafu uma siqhathaniswa nesinkwa esimhlophe saseJalimane, uke wanambitha umehluko.
Ukolweni: ingabe i-semolina ne-durum kakolweni kuyafana?
E-Italy, lapho ukolweni we-durum udlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, ufulawa owenziwe kuwo unegama lawo: i-Semola. Leli gama alikho ngesiJalimane, yingakho ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi Griess. Kodwa nge-semolina, akwenzi mehluko nhlobo ukuthi i-durum kakolweni, ukolweni othambile, noma okusanhlamvu okuhluke ngokuphelele. Igama elithi semolina lichaza izinga elithile lokugaya. Uma usayizi wokusanhlamvu wezinto zomhlabathi uphakathi kuka-0.3 no-1 mm, yi-semolina. Lokho okucolile kubizwa ngokuthi ufulawa.
Igama likakolweni livelaphi
Igama elithi ukolweni cishe livela egameni lesiJalimane elithi hwita elisho okumhlophe, njengoba uhlamvu lukakolweni noma ufulawa owenziwe ngalo lulula kakhulu uma luqhathaniswa nofulawa werye.
Yini ehlukanisa ufulawa we-wholemeal kufulawa
Akuvamile ukucabanga ukuthi ufulawa okhishiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ufulawa wekolweni. Ufulawa okhishiwe ungenziwa ngezinhlobo eziningi zokusanhlamvu - hhayi nje zikakolweni. Ufulawa okhishiwe ngokuyisisekelo ulula kunofulawa we-wholemeal ngoba wenziwa kuphela engxenyeni engaphakathi yokusanhlamvu ngakho-ke awunazo izingxenye zegobolondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngofulawa we-wholemeal, kukhishwa ama-awn namakhoba kuphela, kuyilapho i-bran, ehlanganisa amagobolondo, ungqimba lwe-aleurone (ungqimba olungaphezulu oluhlukanisa i-endosperm negobolondo elingaphandle), kanye negciwane, umphumela, izakhi eziqukethwe kuyo cishe zilondolozwe ngokuphelele. Lesi esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ufulawa kakolweni ngokuvamile uthathwa njengenempilo kunofulawa ocolile.
I-Glycemic Load Kakolweni
Kokubili isinkwa sikakolweni (isinkwa esimhlophe) nesinkwa sikakolweni sinenkomba ye-glycemic (GI) engama-70. Izikolo ezifika ku-55 zibhekwa njengeziphansi. I-GI ikutshela ukuthi ukudla okune-carbohydrate kuwathinta kanjani amazinga kashukela egazini. Lapho i-GI iphezulu, izinga likashukela egazini likhuphuka kakhulu ngemva kokudla. Ububi be-GI ukuthi ihlale ibhekisa ku-100 g wama-carbohydrates ekudleni okufanele - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-carbohydrate ephezulu kangakanani nge-100 g yokudla futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifakiwe futhi ingakanani i-fiber yokudla. Ngakho-ke i-GI iyinani lethiyori elingenangqondo ekusebenzeni.
Ngokuvamile, amanani we-glycemic load (GL) angokoqobo kakhulu. Ngoba lezi zibhekisela enanini lama-carbohydrate aqukethwe ngokuphakelwa ngakunye futhi ngenxa yalokho ahlanganisa nokuqukethwe kwe-fiber. Futhi ngakho isinkwa esiphelele sine-GL engu-18 kuphela, kanti isinkwa esimhlophe siphakathi kuka-38.8 no-42.5. Izikolo ezifika ku-10 zithathwa njengeziphansi, amaphuzu asuka ku-11 kuye ku-19 amaphakathi, futhi amaphuzu angu-20 nangaphezulu aphakeme.
Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo kakolweni ibangela ukuthi ushukela wegazi ukhuphuke kancane, okusho ukuthi umzimba kufanele ukhiphe i-insulin encane. Izinhlamvu eziphelele zinganciphisa ngisho nengozi yohlobo 2 sikashukela.
I-Wholegrain kakolweni ivunyelwe ukudla okune-carb ephansi
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla okune-carb ephansi. Ngokudla kwe-Atkins, isibonelo, ama-carbohydrate acishe agwenywe ngokuphelele ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu ngokwemvelo ayilingani lapha, kuyilapho indlela ye-Logi igwema kuphela ukudla ama-carbohydrate ane-GL ephezulu. Okuqukethwe kwama-carbohydrate kungaba phakathi kwamaphesenti ayi-15 nama-30.
Kubalulekile ukugwema ushukela ocolile, ufulawa omhlophe, nemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngayo lapho udla i-low-carb. Kodwa-ke, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kuvunyelwe, njengoba kukugcwalisa ngokushesha nangesikhathi eside, kugcina amathumbu eqhubeka, futhi awakhuphuli amazinga kashukela ngokushesha. Phela, i-carb ephansi ayisho noma iyiphi i-carb! Kubalulekile ukufunda ukuhlukanisa ama-carbohydrate anempilo kokubi futhi vele uwagcine esesilinganisweni.
I-wholegrain kakolweni inothe ngamaprotheni ekhwalithi engcono
Njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, iphrotheni yekhwalithi ephezulu ezinhlamvini zikakolweni isengqimbeni ye-aleurone ehlukanisa i-endosperm negobolondo langaphandle. Nokho, lokhu kuhlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kukafulawa. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi ufulawa we-wholemeal, osaqukethe zonke izingxenye zokusanhlamvu, ungagcini nje ngokuqukethe i-fibre yokudla kodwa futhi namaprotheni ekhwalithi engcono (ingxenye ephezulu yama-amino acid abalulekile) kunofulawa ocolile.
Nakuba i-100 g yohlobo 405 kafulawa kakolweni iqukethe cishe u-3,600 mg wama-amino acid abalulekile, inani elifanayo likafulawa kakolweni liqukethe cishe u-4,470 mg. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ufulawa ocolile awuqukethe noma iyiphi i-bran, equkethe amaprotheni abaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-bran ibhekwa njengobunzima bokugayeka, akuqiniseki ukuthi umzimba ungazuza yini enanini lamaprotheni eliwaqukethe, okungenzeka ukuthi kuncike ekucoliseni kukafulawa. Ngenxa yokuthi uma ubhontshisi ugaywa kahle, ungagayeka kangcono.
Umlando wokuzalanisa ukolweni
Ukutshalwa kukakolweni kwaqala ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule. Ekuqaleni, abalimi bamane basakaze izitshalo ezinezici ezifiselekayo (ukuzalanisa okukhethiwe noma okukhethiwe). Kamuva kwasetshenziswa ukuzalanisa okuphambene, lapho izitshalo zihlanganiswa ngamabomu. Muva nje, ekugcineni kube nokwenzeka ukubheka ngqo ku-genome futhi kuguqule izakhi zofuzo izitshalo.
Imigomo yokuzalanisa ukolweni ihlanganisa isivuno esilula, ukwanda kwesivuno, ukwanda kokungazweli (izifo, isimo sezulu), kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zokugaya nokubhaka. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ukungabekezelelani kuye kwanda mayelana nokuzalaniswa kwezinhlobo zikakolweni zanamuhla?
Ingabe Ukolweni Wesimanje Unayo Ngempela I-Gluten Eyengeziwe?
Umbuzo uvame ukubuzwa ukuthi kungani okhokho bebekezelela ukolweni ngokumangalisayo futhi ukungabekezelelani kwakungavamile, kuyilapho namuhla abantu abaningi benenkinga ngalokhu okusanhlamvu. Lokhu kuvame ukubangelwa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukolweni osebenza kahle kakhulu, okuthiwa uqukethe i-gluten eningi kunezinhlobo ezindala.
Ngo-2020, abacwaningi base-Technical University yaseMunich bahlaziya amaprotheni ezinhlobo zikakolweni ezingu-60 kusukela esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-1891 no-2010. Bathola ukuthi izinhlobo zesimanje ziqukethe ngisho namaprotheni amancane kunalawo amadala. Okuqukethwe kwe-gluten akushintshile eminyakeni eyi-120 edlule. Nakuba ukwakheka kwe-gluten kushintshile kancane, ingxenye ye-gliadins, ebhekwa ngokujulile, yehle cishe ngamaphesenti angu-18. Ngakho-ke akulona iqiniso ukuthi izinhlobo ezindala zaziqukethe i-gluten encane.
Kulula ukuthola ukuthi ukolweni osebenza kahle kakhulu unesibopho sokuzwela ukolweni. Umane ukwenze ngaphandle kwawo isikhashana bese ubuyela ezinhlotsheni zakudala zikakolweni njenge-einkorn, i-emmer, ne-Kamut. Uma zingasekho izimpawu, uyazi ukuthi yini engcono ukukugwema esikhathini esizayo.
Isimo sezulu sinquma okuqukethwe kwe-gluten kukolweni
Ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya, ososayensi baseTechnical University yaseMunich abasanda kushiwo bathole okunye okuthakazelisayo. Ngoba bathole ukuthi i-gluten eningi yakheka ezinhlamvu zikakolweni eminyakeni yezimvula. Ingxenye yama-gliadins ayinkinga, imithelela yayo esesivele sikubikele yona, bese inyuka ngamaphesenti angafika kwangu-25. Ngakho-ke ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu bekungaba nomthelela ekutheni kungani abantu namuhla bewubekezelela kancane ukolweni kunasesikhathini esidlule.
Abacwaningi bamangala ukuthi izimo zemvelo zinomthelela omkhulu kumaprotheni kakolweni kunezinguquko ezibangelwa ukuzalanisa. Bathe ukungabekezelelani kukakolweni akukwazi ukulandelelwa emuva ezinhlobonhlobo zesimanje, kodwa kokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-gluten okuhlobene nesimo sezulu noma ukwakheka kwe-gluten okushintshiwe. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi okuqukethwe noma ukwakheka kwezinye izithako kushintshile.
Ukutshalwa kukakolweni
Ngemva kommbila nelayisi, ukolweni ungowesithathu okusanhlamvu okuvame ukutshalwa emhlabeni wonke, ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-700 ngonyaka. I-China ne-India aphakathi kwabakhiqizi bakakolweni abakhulu kakhulu. EYurophu, iFrance enamathani ayizigidi ezingu-40 kanye neJalimane enamathani ayizigidi ezingu-23 zikakolweni yizwe elibaluleke kakhulu elikhulayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isivuno sikakolweni saminyaka yonke e-Austria singamathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.6, kanti eSwitzerland amathani angama-500,000.
Nakuba i-durum kakolweni itshalwa kakhulu esifundeni saseMedithera, e-Europe Emaphakathi cishe kuphela ukolweni othambile odlala indima. Lokhu kungenxa yezintandokazi zezulu zezinhlobo zikakolweni. Njengoba ukolweni otshalwa emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane unganele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo, ungeniswa emazweni afana neCzech Republic nePoland.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zokuhluma ukolweni?
Ukuhluma ukolweni kukunikeza izinzuzo ezithile zezempilo. Ngoba imisoco equkethwe okusanhlamvu ayigcini nje ngokugcinwa kodwa ngezinye izikhathi iyanda. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe kwe-vitamin E kukhula ngokuphindwe kathathu ngesikhathi sokuhluma.
Ukolweni ungagayeka kangcono ngokuhluma, njengoba ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi ephukile ngokwengxenye, okwandisa ukugayeka kokudla. Ingxenye enkulu yeprotheyini ihlukaniswa ibe izingqimba zayo zokwakha eziyisisekelo (ama-amino acid) ngesikhathi sokuhluma futhi ngenxa yalokho kulula futhi ukugayeka. Le nqubo ngokuvamile yenzeka kuphela ngesikhathi sokugaya. Inani lama-amino acid abalulekile amahhala ezitshalweni likhuphuka lize lifike izikhathi ezi-5.
Ingxenye kafulawa owahlolwa wawunobuthi besikhunta
Akuzona kuphela izibulala-zinambuzane ezingafiphaza ikhwalithi kakolweni, njengoba umagazini wabathengi i-Ökotest wathola ngo-2020 lapho uhlaziya ufulawa ongu-50. Kwahlolwa ufulawa kakolweni wezinhlobo ezingu-405, 550, no-1050 kanye nofulawa kakolweni ophelele kanye nofulawa wesipelingi wezinhlobo ezingu-630, 1050, kanye nofulawa ophelele wokupeletwa. Kube mnandi ukuthi cishe ingxenye yempuphu iklonyeliswe ngebanga elingcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi besikhunta batholakala cishe engxenyeni kafulawa kakolweni ohloliwe.
Lokhu ngokuyinhloko kwakuyi-toxin deoxynivalenol (DON), ekhiqizwa ukhunta okuthiwa i-Fusarium. Izitshalo sezivele zihlaselwe ngaphambi kokuvuna, izici ezithandekayo zihlanganisa imvula kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kukakolweni. Ngemithamo ephezulu, i-DON ingabangela ukuhlanza kanye nesifo sohudo futhi yenze buthaka amasosha omzimba.
Empeleni, kungashiwo ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-DON kufulawa kanye nemikhiqizo kakolweni eminingi ehloliwe, njengama-noodle, kungaphansi kakhulu komkhawulo obekwe ngokomthetho. Noma kunjalo, ukudla okuvamile kwe-DON kungabeka impilo engozini. Izingane zithinteka kakhulu. Inkinga iwukuthi imikhiqizo kakolweni ayibonisi ukuthi iqukethe imikhondo yobuthi besikhunta nokuthi ayibhujiswa ngesikhathi sokupheka noma ukubhaka.
Ufulawa kakolweni wemvelo uqukethe ubuthi besikhunta obumbalwa kakhulu
Akuvamile ukufunda ukuthi ubuthi besikhunta i-DON butholakala kaningi kufulawa kakolweni wemvelo (kanye neminye ifulawa ephilayo). Kuthiwa ngoba awekho ama-fungicides okwenziwa ngamakhemikhali angasetshenziswa ekutshalweni kwemvelo. Kodwa akunjalo! Ukuhlaziya okuningi kubonise ngokusobala ukuthi ukudla okuningi okuphilayo kunamazinga aphansi kakhulu e-DON. Ngokwesilinganiso, amasampula emvelo aqukethe cishe uhhafu wamanani avamile ahambisanayo.
Kunezizathu ezihlukahlukene zalokhu. Isibonelo, ekulimeni okuphilayo, izinhlobo ezimelana kakhulu, igeja, ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okuningi, kanye nokuvundiswa kwe-nitrogen encane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-glyphosate ephikisana kakhulu ingaholela ekwandeni kwe-Fusarium infestation futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthamo ophezulu we-toxin kufulawa ohambisanayo.
I-Ergot ayiselona usongo
Esikhathini esedlule, abantu abaningi babulawa ama-alkaloid anobuthi kakhulu akhiqizwa i-ergot fungus enombala omnyama, 2 kuya ku-5 cm ubude. I-Rye yiyona esengozini kakhulu ekuthelelekeni, kodwa ukolweni ungathinteka.
Kodwa namuhla abukho ubungozi bomthengi njengoba ukolweni nokusanhlamvu kuvame ukuhlanzwa kahle. Kusetshenziswa ukugeleza komoya, lapho imizimba yangaphandle ishaywa ngaphandle kwezinhlamvu. Ama-ergots kanye notshani kanye nezinambuzane zingahlukaniswa ngobunono esitjalweni esivunwayo ngezisefo ezinosayizi wemeshi oqediwe.
Indlela yokubona ufulawa kakolweni wezinga eliphezulu
Ufulawa kakolweni wezinga eliphezulu awukwazi ukubonakala ngeso lodwa. Umthengi akakwazi ukunquma ukuthi iqukethe izibulala-zinambuzane noma ubuthi besikhunta. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukukhetha ufulawa kakolweni esitolo sezinto eziphilayo ukuze ugweme izinsalela ezihambisanayo. Uma kungenjalo, ungasebenzisa zonke izinzwa zakho ukutshela ufulawa omubi kokuhle:
- Ukubukeka: Ufulawa wekhwalithi ephezulu unombala ophuzi ngokumhlophe futhi unokukhanya okufiphele kancane. Ufulawa ophansi uno-chalky-white futhi awufihli. Izimbangela zihlanganisa isitoreji eside kanye/noma esingalungile. Ama-carotenoids abhujiswa yi-asidi.
- Ukubamba: Ufulawa ophelele uyimpushana futhi ucwebile kancane, ongazwakala ngokuwuhlikihla phakathi kweminwe yakho. Ufulawa onephutha unezigaxa, uqinile, futhi uyabambelela kahle. Amanzi amaningi ngokweqile (ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-16) angaba nesibopho salokhu, okungase kubangelwe ukugcinwa okungalungile.
- Iphunga: Ufulawa omuhle unuka kamnandi, uhlanzekile futhi umsulwa. Ufulawa ompofu unuka kabi, umuncu futhi umuncu. Izimbangela zihlanganisa isikhunta ngenxa yesitoreji esinomswakama kakhulu, ukubola kwamafutha endaweni efudumele kakhulu, noma ukwakheka kwe-asidi ngenxa yokugcinwa isikhathi eside futhi efudumele.
- Ukunambitheka: Ufulawa wekhwalithi enhle unambitheka i-tart. Ukunambitheka okumnandi kancane kubonakala kuphela ngemva kokuhlafuna isikhathi eside. Ufulawa ophansi unambitheka kamnandi ngokushesha ngoba isitashi sesivele sephulwe ama-enzyme saba ushukela.
Isitoreji esiphezulu sikafulawa kakolweni
Njengomthetho, kufanele uthenge ufulawa kuphela uma uwudinga futhi ungakhi amasheya. Kungcono ukugcina ufulawa esikhwameni sephepha obuthenge kuso. Uma ufuna ukugcina ufulawa isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, ungawufaka esitsheni esingangeni moya ngemva kokuwuthenga esikhwameni sephepha. Ngaso sonke isikhathi gcina ufulawa endaweni eyomile nemnyama. Ikhabethe elingenhla kwesitofu alifaneleki ngoba ufulawa uyazwela uma upheka intuthu.
Uma ugcinwe kahle, ufulawa kakolweni usengasetshenziswa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kosuku olungcono kakhulu lwangaphambi kokuphela. Nokho, lokhu akusebenzi kufulawa we-wholemeal. Ngoba lokhu kunamafutha aphezulu ngakho-ke kuba ne-rancid ngokushesha kunofulawa.
Ngokuyinhloko, ufulawa omdala, ukulahlekelwa kwamavithamini okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokubhaka liyancipha njengoba ukonakala kwama-enzyme aqukethwe ngokwemvelo kuqhubeka. Uma ungathanda ukubhaka ngofulawa we-wholemeal esikhathini esizayo, khona-ke kufanelekile ukuthola isigayo sikafulawa, ongakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugaya okusanhlamvu okusha ngaphambi nje kokusetshenziswa.
