John Myers
Kwa nthawi yayitali, glutamate yakhala ikupanga mitu ngati chowonjezera chomwe sichikhala ndi phindu kwa anthu. Katswiri wazakudya a Hans Ulrich Grimm amatcha glutamate chowonjezera chazakudya chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri anthu, miyoyo yawo, ndi ubongo wawo. Zonsezi zimachitika popanda mwamuna kudziwa.
Glutamate imawononga ubongo
Glutamate yayesedwa poyesa nyama, kuyesa kodziwika bwino kwa nyama komwe kunachitidwa ndi John Olney. Olney ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri azamisala komanso psychopathologists ku USA. Kupeza kwake kwakukulu kunali kuti glutamate idayambitsa minyewa yaying'ono komanso kuvulala m'magawo aubongo a mbewa zazing'ono.
Kunenepa kwambiri, matenda a shuga, ndi matenda a mtima
Zotsatira za Olney zinafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi Prof. Beyreuther, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Ruprecht-Karls-University ku Heidelberg: Makoswe obadwa kumene ndi makoswe anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuyesa kwa Olney. Anapatsidwa jakisoni wa glutamate kwa masiku asanu, pambuyo pake anapeza kuti maselo ena a mitsempha mu ubongo anafa. Nyama zazikuluzo zinali zonenepa kwambiri, ndipo zitakalamba, zinkadwala matenda a shuga ndi mtima.
Kuletsa glutamate kwa makanda ku US
Kafukufukuyu anali chifukwa chomwe glutamate mu chakudya cha ana idapeŵedwa modzifunira ku USA. M'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Germany, kugwiritsa ntchito glutamate mu chakudya cha ana nthawi zambiri ndikoletsedwa.
Komabe, lamuloli silikugwira ntchito pazakudya zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ana okulirapo komanso akuluakulu. Makolo ayenera kusamala kwambiri za kapangidwe ka chakudya cha mwana wawo, makamaka pamene ana ayamba kudyetsa mawere ndi kuwonjezera chakudya chawo ndi chakudya cholimba, mwachitsanzo kuyambira mwezi wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa moyo.
Ngozi kwa mwana wosabadwa
Zoyeserera zaposachedwa za nyama zikuwonetsa kuti makanda osabadwa nawonso ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha glutamate. Mayesero a makoswe ochitidwa ndi dokotala wa ana ndi wofufuza Prof. Hermanussen anasonyeza kuti glutamate, itaperekedwa kwa makoswe apakati, imachepetsa kulemera kwa kubadwa kwa ana. Kuonjezera apo, mapangidwe a kukula kwa hormone anasokonezeka. Makoswewo anayamba kususuka komanso onenepa kwambiri. Iwo analinso ang'onoang'ono ndithu. Zimakhalanso zachilendo kwa anthu onenepa kwambiri kukhala ochepa.
Kunenepa kwambiri ndi matenda
Glutamate ndiye yowopsa chifukwa imasokoneza dongosolo la thupi potengera zinthu za amithenga. Sikuti zimangosokoneza ntchito za thupi, komanso zimayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri komanso matenda osiyanasiyana. Chowopsa kwambiri chokhudza glutamate, komabe, ndikuti ma synapses amitsempha amasefukira kwenikweni ndipo chowonjezeracho chimawononga ma cell aubongo. Zimapha ma neurons.
Neurotoxin glutamate?
Prof. Beyreuther, yemwe, mwa zina, ali ndi udindo wa State Council for Life and Health Protection, akuganiza kuti glutamate ndi neurotoxin yomwe zotsatira zake zimadetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Glutamate imatengedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pa matenda onse a neurodegenerative chifukwa chinthucho chimaganiziridwa kuti chimalimbikitsa matenda onse omwe ubongo umafa. Izi zikuphatikizapo Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, ndi multiple sclerosis.
Kukhudza kadyedwe
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti anthu ndi nyama zimanyengedwa kuti zidye kwambiri kuposa momwe ziyenera kukhalira ndi glutamate. Ochita kafukufuku amati izi ndizothandiza kwambiri. Wofufuza wina dzina lake France Bellisle, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Center National de la Recherche Scientifique ku Paris, adatha kuwona zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa kudya kwambiri akapatsidwa glutamate. Anthu omwe adadzipereka ku mayeserowo adatsitsa chakudya chawo mwachangu, amatafuna pang'ono, ndipo adapuma pang'ono pakati pa kulumidwa.
Glutamate - chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri
Prof. Hermanussen ali ndi lingaliro lakuti kulamulira kosalekeza kwa glutamate ndi chifukwa chimodzi cha vuto la kunenepa kwambiri m'madera ambiri a anthu. Kuwonjezera kwa glutamate kudakali kofala muzakudya zamakampani. Kulakalaka kumayendetsedwa m'maselo a mitsempha ya muubongo, koma izi zitha kuonongeka ndi glutamate. Izi zimatengedwa ngati kulumikizana kofunikira kwambiri.
Wofufuza wina wa ku America, Blaylock, dokotala wa opaleshoni ya ubongo, amavomerezanso maganizo amenewa. Amadzutsa funso ngati kunenepa kwambiri kwa nzika zambiri zaku US zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe kakale ka glutamate ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya. Amawona kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa chotenga chakudya chowonjezera cha glutamate.
Glutamate imabweretsa njala nthawi zonse
Malinga ndi Prof. Hermanussen, mapuloteni ena ndi glutamate ndi chifukwa chomwe ana olemera kwambiri ndi akuluakulu amakhala ndi njala nthawi zonse ndipo sangathenso kuwunika bwino momwe akukhuta. Anayesa kutsimikizira kukayikira kwake popatsa amayi athanzi koma onenepa kwambiri mankhwala omwe amatha kuletsa kuwononga komwe glutamate ili nayo paubongo.
Mankhwalawa adavomerezedwa poyambirira kuti azichiza matenda a Alzheimer's. Amayi sayenera kutsata zakudya zilizonse panthawiyi, azingomvera chilakolako chawo cha chakudya. Patangopita maola ochepa okha, anaona kuti chilakolako chawo chofuna kudya chikuchepa ndiponso kuti kudya kwambiri sikunkachitika, ngakhale usiku. Patapita masiku angapo, kulemera kwake kunali kutsika kale popanda kudya kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Wakhungu kuchokera ku glutamate?
Malinga ndi wofufuza wina, Dr. Ohguro, glutamate imayambitsanso kuwonongeka kwa maso, makamaka, ikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha khungu. Gulu lofufuza lozungulira Dr. Ohguro linachita zoyesera zowonetsera zotsatira zovulaza za glutamate pa makoswe. Pachifukwa ichi, adapatsidwa chakudya chapadera chomwe glutamate inkaperekedwa nthawi zonse.
Zinawoneka kuti maso a nyama zomwe zinalandira mlingo waukulu wa glutamate kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi anachepa kwambiri. Nyamazo zinapanganso retina yopyapyala kwambiri kuposa nyama zomwe zili m’gulu lolamulira, zomwe zinapitirizabe kulandira chakudya chawo chanthaŵi zonse.
Glaucoma kuchokera ku glutamate?
Dr Ohguro akuganiza kuti wapeza kufotokozera kwa glaucoma, yomwe yafala kwambiri ku East Asia. Akunena izi chifukwa chakuti gawo lalikulu la glutamate limawonjezeredwa ku mbale zambiri za ku Asia. Komabe, sizikudziwikabe kuti mlingo wa glutamate uyenera kukhala wokwera bwanji kuti zowononga maso zichitike.
Zokambirana za glutamate zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Chinese restaurant syndrome, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mutu, kuuma khosi, nseru, ndi zizindikiro zina. Zimayamba chifukwa cha kusamvana kwa glutamate. Chofunika kwambiri kwa ochita kafukufuku, komabe, ndi zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za chinthucho.
Wonenepa ali wamng'ono akhungu mu ukalamba?
Kulemera kwambiri kumalimbikitsidwa ngakhale kwa ana ndi achinyamata, kunenepa kwambiri, komwe kumatchedwanso adiposity, ndi glaucoma ndi zotsatira za kutenga glutamate, zomwe zimagwera pansi pa mutu wa "kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yaitali". M'zaka khumi zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa glutamate kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya kwawonjezeka kawiri. Glutamate amawonjezeredwa mu mawonekedwe a hydrolysates, monga zowonjezera yisiti. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwalawa ali mu granulated broths ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokometsera.
Udindo wa makolo ndi wofunika
Makolo makamaka ali ndi udindo woteteza ana awo ku zowonjezera chakudya ngati opanga chakudya salabadira kuti thanzi zikuchokera chimodzimodzi.
Zokometsera zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a nyama kapena masamba. Izi zowiritsa ndi hydrochloric acid kuwononga ma cell. Izi zimatulutsa zomwe zimatchedwa glutamic acid. Sodium hydroxide solution kapena sodium carbonate ndiye amawonjezeredwa kusakaniza, zomwe zimapanganso mchere wamba.
Njira iyi tsopano yasefedwa ndikupangidwa kuti iwonjezere kukoma. Zokometsera zamadzimadzi zimapakidwa utoto ndi caramel ngati zokometsera sizigwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya zamzitini ndi mbale zokonzeka. Akaumitsa, amapanga msuzi wa granulated kapena, mafuta akawonjezedwa, bouillon cubes odziwika bwino.
Kusinthidwa
Chifukwa makampaniwa nthawi zonse amakhudzidwa ndi kupititsa patsogolo phindu, mitundu ya mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga glutamate adasinthidwa majini.
Katswiri wodziwika bwino wa kadyedwe kake ka Polymer akuti kuyambira m'chaka cha 1980 chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito ma genetic engineering popanga glutamate chidaperekedwa kwa mtsogoleri wamsika wotchedwa Ajinomoto. Chifukwa chake chinali chakuti kufunikira kwa tizilombo tatsopano takula.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti tikuyenera kulola kupanga L-glutamic acid yapadera kwambiri momwe tingathere. Kuti akwaniritse izi, plasmid yosakanizidwa idalowetsedwa mu bacilli. Chidutswa chapadera cha DNA chokhala ndi chidziwitso cha majini chomwe cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa mapangidwe a L-glutamic acid chinayikidwa mu plasmid wosakanizidwa.
Tengani udindo nokha
Komabe, popeza palibe amene akudziwa kuti kusintha kwa majini kuli ndi zotsatira zotani kusiyana ndi zomwe amafunira, kusatsimikizika kumeneku kumawonjezera zotsatira zovulaza zomwe glutamate yasonyezedwa kuti ili ndi thupi ngati vuto lina. Choncho aliyense ali ndi udindo kulabadira zikuchokera chakudya chawo.
