John Myers
Kusiyana nemamwe mapazi ekutsvakurudza, sayenzi yezvokudya zvevanhu, ecomorphology, ichiri chirango chechidiki. Pane kubvumirana chete pazvinhu zvishoma.
Paleo kudya pfungwa
Mukutsvaga kwekudya kwemarudzi-kwakakodzera uye kune utano hwevanhu, vanhu vagara kwenguva refu vachiita mumhepo - pasina nzira yakachena yesainzi, pasina tsvakurudzo paradigm. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, munguva pfupi yapfuura sa1985, imwe nyaya yakabudiswa muNew England Journal of Medicine, iyo yakatora pfungwa inofadza uye inonzwisisika:
Chikafu chemadzitateguru edu ari kure chinogona kunge chiri chiyereso chekudya kwemazuva ano kwevanhu uye modhi yekuzvidzivirira kubva kune zvimwe 'zvirwere zvebudiriro. [Dudziro: Chikafu chemadzitateguru edu ekare chinogonawo kuva muenzaniso wekudya kwevanhu kwemazuva ano, kunyanya kurwisa “zvirwere zvebudiriro”.]
Mazuva ano paleo kudya
Kufunga kunotevera izvi ndeichi: Biology yedu, mamiriro edu ezvakatipoteredza, uye mararamiro edu zviri kuramba zvichisapindirana mazuva ano (S. Boyd Eaton naMelvin J. Konner vakaumba izwi rokuti “Kusawirirana/Kusawirirana Kufungidzira” muchirevo chechinyorwa chino). Izvi zvinoratidzwa muEndemic Kuitika kwezvirwere zvemadokero.
Nokudaro, nokutevedzera mararamiro emadzitateguru edu okutsvaka zvokudya nokuvhima, vanhu vemazuva ano vakabudirira vaigona kuwana nzira yokudzokera kuutano huri nani nedziviriro pazvirwere zvisingaperi. Pfungwa yemararamiro epa paleo saka ndeyekutevedzera mararamiro evanotama, kuvhima nekuunganidza madzitateguru vachishandisa zvakawanikwa zvemazuva ano - tichiziva zvizere kuti kudya kunovaka muviri inzvimbo IMWE chete yehupenyu uye kuti kudzokera kuStone Age ndiko. hazvibviri kana kudikanwa.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, nechinyorwa chakaitwa naEaton naKonner muna 1985, paradigm yekutsvagisa yesaenzi yehutano yakazvarwa panguva imwe chete, pahwaro hwekuti fungidziro dzesainzi dzinogona kugadzirwa. Asi zvisinei nekugoneka kweiyo hypothesis, dambudziko nderekuti chete dombo rasara rePalaeolithic (Old Stone Age) richiri nhasi. Naizvozvo, nhasi hatizivi zvakadzama kuti vanhu veStone Age vakararama sei uye kuti vakadya sei uye chii.
Vanhu vaidya sei muNguva yeMatombo?
Naizvozvo hazvigoneke kuona IYE Stone Age kudya kwevanhu. Kwete nekuti nguva yePalaeolithic yakawedzera kupfuura makore 150,000 (approx. 200,000 BC to approx. 12,000 years ago). Sezvazviri nhasi, kwagara kune kusiyana kwetsika nemwaka mukudya kwemadzitateguru edu. Zvakangodaro, kune mamwe maitiro ekutanga ayo anofanira kunge ari pasi pechero mutsauko we paleo chikafu:
- Chero zvigadzirwa kubva mukurima nekupfuya mhuka, izvo zvese zvakangogadzirwa makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, zvakadyiwa mumari yakaderera zvakanyanya (zviyo, mukaka, nyemba)
- Chero kumwezve kugadzirisa sezvazviri kuitwa nhasi muindasitiri yezvekudya kwakanga kusipo (zvinowedzera, pasteurization, nezvimwe zvakawanda).
- Chero chikafu chaive chemhando yepamusoro uye chakangorimwa. Zvirimwa zvinokura paivhu rakaorera remahumus, pasina mafetireza ekugadzira, uye pasina mishonga yezvipembenene. Mhuka dzaigara nechikafu chadzo chemusango uye hadzina kusangana nemafuta akaomeswa (chibage uye soya yakagadziridzwa genetically) kana mishonga.
Zvisinei, nerubatsiro rwekuongorora kwekuchera matongo uye zvidzidzo zvemumunda pamusoro pevavhimi-vaunganidzi tsika dzinorarama nhasi, zvinokwanisika kuwana nzwisiso yakadzama yemararamiro ekare ePaleolithic. Nokuti izvi zvichida hazvina kumbochinja muvanhu vemazuva ano vekare kwezviuru zvemakore. Nehurombo, kune vasingasviki zana nemakumi mashanu vevanhu ava vasara munyika - uye vanhu ava vatotyisidzirwa nekutsakatika.
Ngatinyatsoongororai vanhu vaviri vakadaro: vanodya sei, vanorarama sei nhasi, uye vane utano hwakadini? Mune zvinotevera, mararamiro eGreenlandic Inuit (Inuuk / "Eskimos") uye Kitavi (anonziwo Melanesians) anobva kuchitsuwa chinopisa chePapua New Guinea achaongororwa.
Iyo Stone Age Diet yeInuit
Iyo Inuit inowanzoshandiswa semuenzaniso wekudya kwekare kwakavakirwa panyama nehove chete. Nekudaro, iyi sarudzo yechikafu iri pamucheto wakanyanyisa wekudya kunoshivirira kwevanhu uye ine nhoroondo yayo mukukura kwehuwandu uye kudikanwa kwakabatana kwekutamira kunzvimbo dzepolar. Pamusoro pezvo, zvine mubvunzo kana kusarura kwekuti maInuit vanodya chikafu chemhuka chiri chokwadi.
Zvakarurama ndezvekuti mwaka nemwaka maInuit ane zvishoma zvekudya zvitsva zvezvirimwa zvinowanikwa eg B. muchimiro chemaruva, sora regungwa (kelp), miriwo yemashizha egirinhi, uye mabheri. Kunyanguvezvo, vaInuit vanochengetawo nokuchengeta izvi zvokudya zvinobva mumiti nokuomesa, kuomesa nechando, kana kuti kuvirisa. Nenzira iyi, vanogona kuwedzera kudya kwavo, uko kunodzorwa nezvigadzirwa zvemhuka, nekudya kwezvirimwa gore rose.
Kana zvasvika pakudya kwemhuka, maInuit anonyanya kudya whale nenyama yechisimbiso, kunyanya yemukati senge B. chiropa uye adrenal glands uye mamwe akaturikidzana eganda. Nenzira iyi, iyo Inuit inochengetedza yavo vhitamini C zvinodiwa. Madzinza asingakwanise kuwana mhuka dzemugungwa anovimbisa vhitamini C yavo inodiwa nekudya adrenal glands uye madziro edumbu emhuka dzesango dzavanouraya.
Dzinodyawo uropi, mwoyo, mwongo, chiropa, uye kunyange machende emhuka inovhimwa. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, maInuit sezviri pachena vanoziva kuti vanogona kubata zvirwere zvakakomba zvekushomeka izvo zvinozoisa hupenyu panjodzi kana vakanyanya kana kudya nyama yemhasuru isina kusimba mune mamicronutrients, sechikamu chemararamiro ekumadokero.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, maInuit anodyisa nyama zhinji yemhasuru kumbwa dzavo uye vodya mbishi mbishi ivo pachavo. Ivowo dzimwe nguva vanokwenya moss kubva pamatombo kana kudya zviri mudumbu reelk kuti vawane chikafu chezvirimwa uye mamwe mavhitamini nemamineral.
Iyo Kitavi Paleo mararamiro
Mararamiro evanhu vekare munzvimbo dzinopisa anosiyana zvikuru mune zvimwe zvinhu kubva kuvanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzine mativi enyika. Chiyero chekudya kwemhuka uye huwandu hwekoriori hwekudya kazhinji hwakaderera pano, nepo chikamu chemakhahydrates chakanyanya kukwirira - kwete zvishoma nekuda kwekupfuma kwemichero nemiriwo kunowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa.
Vanhu veko vakadzidza kujairana nechikafu chavo kuti chienderane nezvavanoda: Kusiyana nevaInuit, vagari vemunzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi havafanirwe kutora vhitamini D nechikafu chavo nekuti vanovhenekerwa nechiedza chezuva chakakwana mazuva ese uye miviri yavo inokwanisa kugadzira. vhitamini D pachayo. Simba ravo rekushandisa rakaderera zvakare nekuda kwekukwira kwekunze kwekushisa.
Naizvozvo, mararamiro eKitavi anobva kuPapua New Guinea anosiyana neayo eInuit mune zvinotevera:
- VaKitavi vane mukana wegore rose wekudya kutsva kwezvirimwa.
- Nekuti vanodya mapuroteni emhuka mashoma, zvavanoda kuita zvemuviri zvakaderera, uye vanoita zvine mwero pane kuita basa rakasimba remuviri2.
- Zvokudya zvako zvine mafuta akawanda akazara muchimiro chekokonati mafuta, pamwe chete neomega-3 fatty acids yakakwana kubva pakudya kwegungwa nehove.
- Vanodya makabhohaidhiretsi mumhando yemiriwo, midzi, uye machubhu (tapira, cassava, yam, taro, mabhanana, nezvimwewo). Huyero hwe omega-6 kusvika omega-3 fatty acids i1:2 (tsika dziri kumadokero kwenyika dzakabudirira: approx. 10:1 kusvika 25:1).
- Maererano nebvunzurudzo neKitavi, 2 kudya kukuru kunopedzwa zuva nezuva: miriwo yemashizha yakasvibirira uye midzi yakakangwa mukokonati mafuta uye munyu mangwanani. Manheru, zvakafanana nekuwedzera kwehove nehove dzegungwa, izvo zvakagadzirirwa nemarara avo. Pakati, michero nemakona madiki anodyiwa.
Zvirwere zvemwoyo, kenza, chirwere cheshuga, high blood pressure, acne, dementia, kufutisa, uye zvimwe zvisingaperi zvipenyu zvisingawanzozivikanwi pakati peKitavi asi zvinoitika nokukurumidza pavanotora nzira yekumadokero yehupenyu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvirwere zvekumavirira izvi hazvisi genetic asi kuti zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze uye mararamiro.
Hupenyu hunotarisirwa hwevaInuit kana huchienzaniswa nevanhu vekare vekunopisa
Asi ndeipi paleo diet ndiyo yakanakisisa? Inuit muGreenland? Kana avo veKitavi munzvimbo dzinopisa? Zviri nani kudya nyama yakawanda nemiriwo mishoma - seInuit? Kana kuti kudya kweKitavi kwemiriwo, michero nemidzi uye dzimwe hove nehove yegungwa kungave kukurudzirwa here?
Nechinyakare vanogara Inuit vane tarisiro yehupenyu yakaderera kupfuura vamwe vanhu veko: kana kufa kwevacheche kukadzikwa, kunenge makore 43.5, nepo kuKitavi makore makumi manomwe neshanu ari pasi penzvimbo dzakafanana. Zvisinei, tarisiro yehupenyu yeInuit inoramba ichidzikira pavanotora mararamiro ekumadokero-azvino; kuwanda kwezvirwere zvisingaperi zvechirwere zvinowedzerwa zvakanyanya.
Kuenzanisa pakati peKitavi neInuit chiratidzo chekutanga chekuti kudya kwakanyanya-nyama, sekuitwa neInuit, zvirokwazvo kuri mukati memhando yezvinoshivirirwa nevanhu, asi kunowanzoitika kubva kune zvipingamupinyi zvehupenyu munzvimbo dzine polar kupfuura. kubva papfungwa ine chekuita nezvehutano. Kuwedzera zvakawanda zvezvikafu zvitsva zvezvirimwa saka zvingangove zvinobatsira zvikuru.
Vose vanhu vane "Paleolithic" kudya. Dhizaini yemararamiro ePaleo mushure meiyo yeKitavi, iyo ia inosanganisira kudya kunoenderana nealkaline gwara maitiro, zvisinei, maererano nezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, zvinoita sepamusoro kune mararamiro eInuit maererano nehutano.
Saizvozvo, yemazuva ano Western Stone Age yekudya inogona kutaridzika seizvi:
Stone Age nutrition munguva yemazuva ano
Chiyero chikuru che alkaline kana alkaline chikafu ndeye 80-20 mutemo. Izvi zvinoreva: 80% yekudya inoumbwa nezvikafu zvekutanga, uye 20% yezvikafu zvinogadzira asidhi asi zvemhando yepamusoro (zvinonzi “good acid-formers”. Naizvozvo, muzvokudya zvemazuva ano zveStone Age, itai zvikamu makumi masere kubva muzana. mundiro wacho unotarisa kunze kwezvokudya zvinogadzirwa nezvirimwa.Kuwandisa kweprotein yemhuka kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro isingafadzi.Nerimwe rutivi, kana zvikashaikwa zvakakwana zvekudya zvemhuka (mazai, hove) kana kuti chikamu chazvo mukudya chakaderera pane chinodikanwa chega chega, kuwedzera nemamwe mavhitamini uye zvinovaka muviri (eg B80, D12, DHA, nezvimwewo) zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo.
Zvinoenderana nekudya kweStone Age, huwandu hwemapuroteni ako hunofanira kunge huine chikafu chemhuka, kureva kwete - senge B. mukudya kwemuriwo-vegan kazhinji - kubva mumbeu uye zviyo. Nyama yetsandanyama yakakodzera chete mune zvishoma zvishoma. Pane kudaro, offal, hove, hove, mazai, asiwo algae ari pamenyu. Swedera pedyo nekuramba uchidzikisira huwandu hwenyama yakaonda mukudya kwako uye kuwedzera huwandu hweoffal.
Mukaka wakasvibirira uye zvigadzirwa zvawo - kana uine chokwadi chekuti unogona kushivirira uye uchida kudya mukaka - inogonawo kuve imwe nzira, seprotein yezvipembenene. Nokuti mapuroteni emhuka (kunze kwezai chena, kana akadyiwa muhuwandu hwakawandisa) ane mukana pane zviyo uye maruva: ivo vane zvakawanda vasina antinutrients.
Nekudaro, iwe unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti chikafu chako chemhuka chinobva kunzvimbo isina kunaka: Zvigadzirwa chete zvinobva kumhando-yakakodzera kudya, kurima mafuro (zvehove kubva kuorganic aquaculture), kana masheya emusango (kana zvichitenderwa nemamiriro ekunze) ndizvo zvakakodzera. . Kutarisa kune maitiro emhando yemhando iyi hakufanirwe kungofarirwa nevatengi chete, asiwo kune vagari vanoita zvematongerwo enyika mune demokrasi.
Zvisinei, mararamiro ePaleo akawandisa kupfuura kungoita zvinodiwa zvekudya: nokuti kurovedza muviri kwakakwana, mhepo yakachena, chiedza chezuva, kusununguka kwekunetseka, kubatana kwevanhu, uye hutano hwekurara hunoita basa rinokosha sekudya kwakakodzera kweStone Age chete.
Uchapupu hwesainzi hwe paleo chikafu
Icho chokwadi chekuti chikafu chakadai chePaleolithic chinewo zvakanakira vanhu vekuMadokero-vakabudirira chave chanyatsoratidzwa nekuedza kwevanhu uko kwakasiyana maparamendi ehutano akanyorwa. Zvidzidzo zvakatoratidza kuti yakakwirira kune inowanzotaurwa "Mediterranean Diet". Iyo "mismatch" hypothesis yakatsanangurwa pakutanga haisisiri fungidziro. Asi, inomira pahwaro hwakagadzikana, hwesainzi uye nekuedza hwakachengetedzwa uye igwara rinobatsira pakugadzira yako yekudya ine hutano - kunyanya kune avo vanhu vese vasingakwanisi kufungidzira mararamiro asina nyama.
