Crystal Nelson
Siyayithanda itshokolethi. Kodwa umntu unokuphulukana nomdla wokutya xa ucinga ngekamva labalimi abaninzi bekoko. Itshokholethi eyenziwe ngekoko yorhwebo ayiziboli izipaji zethu, kodwa inceda amafama amancinci eAfrika, kuMbindi nakuMzantsi Melika ukuba abe nobomi obungcono.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwamasimi e-cocoa, ngakumbi eNtshona Afrika, kuye kwaziwa iminyaka engamashumi amabini ubuncinane. Emva phayaa ngowama-2000, ingxelo kamabonwakude yeBBC yothusa ihlabathi. Iintatheli ziye zafumanisa ukurhweba kwabantwana abavela eBurkina Faso, eMali naseTogo. Abarhwebi ngokurhweba ngabantu babethengise amantombazana namakhwenkwe njengamakhoboka ukuze balime ikokoko eIvory Coast. Ngokutsho koMbutho wokuTya kunye nezoLimo weZizwe eziManyeneyo, i-71 yeepesenti yazo zonke iimbotyi ze-cocoa ngo-2018 zivela e-Afrika-kunye neepesenti ezili-16 kuphela ezivela eMzantsi Melika.
Imifanekiso ilandelwe ziingxelo zeendaba kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente yaphawula. Umbutho waseYurophu weCocoa, umbutho wabarhwebi abakhulu baseYurophu, ubize ezi zityholo zibubuxoki kwaye zibaxiwe. Ishishini lithe into ehlala ithethwa lushishino kwiimeko ezinjalo: iingxelo azimele zonke iindawo ezikhulayo. Ngokungathi oko kutshintsha nantoni na.
Emva koko abezobupolitika basabela. EUnited States, kuye kwacetywa umthetho wokulwa ukukhotyokiswa kwabantwana kunye nokuphathwa kakubi kwabantwana kwifama yekoko. Bekuya kuba likrele elibukhali ekulweni amakhoboka angabantwana. Ngaba. Ukuphembelela okubanzi koshishino lwekoko kunye netshokholethi kwawubhukuqa uyilo.
Itshokholethi yorhwebo olufanelekileyo - ngaphandle komsebenzi wabantwana
Into eseleyo yayisisivumelwano esithambileyo, esizithandela kunye nesingekho mthethweni esaziwa ngokuba yiHarkin-Engel Protocol. Kwasayinwa kwi-2001 ngabavelisi be-chocolate base-US kunye nabameli be-World Cocoa Foundation - isiseko esixhaswa ziinkampani ezinkulu kwishishini. Abatyikityi bathembisa ukuphelisa iindlela ezimbi kakhulu zokusebenza kwabantwana - ezifana nobukhoboka, ukunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi onobungozi kwimpilo, ukhuseleko okanye ukuziphatha - kwishishini le-cocoa.
Senzekile: akukho nto. Laqala ixesha lokuzibekela amangomso. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, abantwana basebenza kwishishini letshokholethi. Baye baba ngumqondiso wokurhweba ngokungalunganga kwishishini le-cocoa. Kwi-2010, i-documentary yaseDenmark ethi "Icala Elimnyama leChocolate" libonise ukuba iProtocol yeHarkin-Engel yayingasebenzi kakuhle.
Uphononongo luka-2015 olwenziwe yiYunivesithi yaseTulane lufumanise ukuba inani labantwana abasebenza kumasimi ekoko lenyuke kakhulu. Kwiindawo eziphambili ezikhulayo zaseGhana nase-Ivory Coast, malunga ne-2.26 yezigidi zabantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-5 kunye ne-17 basebenza kwimveliso ye-cocoa-ininzi phantsi kweemeko ezinobungozi.
Kwaye kaninzi abanako konke ukuxhasa iintsapho zabo: imibutho yamalungelo abantu ibonise iminyaka ukuba abantwana abaninzi abasebenza kwimveliso ye-cocoa kunokwenzeka ukuba babe ngamaxhoba okurhweba ngabantu kunye nobukhoboka.
Ikoko elungileyo: Intlawulo efanelekileyo endaweni yokusetyenziswa kwabantwana
Kodwa inyaniso inzima. Enyanisweni, ukunciphisa umsebenzi wabantwana kumasimi ekoko akunakunceda ukusombulula ingxaki yetshokolethi ekurhwetywa ngayo ngokungafanelekanga. Ngokuchasene noko: kusenokunyusa intlupheko yamafama amancinci.
Oku kuboniswe kwisifundo se-2009 "Icala elimnyama leChocolate" yi-Südwind Research Institute. Umbhali wawo, uFriedel Hütz-Adams, uchaza isizathu: Emva kokuba iinkampani ezininzi zokutya zilumkise abantu abazithengisayo ukuba bangaqeshe abantwana ngexesha lokuvuna, isivuno samafama siye sehla. Iinkampani ezifana noMars, uNestlé kunye noFerrero zaye zafuna ukuba kuphetshwe ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana emva kokuba bephantsi koxinzelelo kwiingxelo zokuba kuqeshwa abasebenzi abangaphantsi kweminyaka yobudala emasimini.
Isicombululo asikho nje kuphela ekuvalweni kokuqeshwa kwabantwana, kodwa kwintlawulo efanelekileyo kumafama amancinane, isazi ngezoqoqosho sihlabela mgama sisithi: “Abavumeli abantwana babo basebenzele ukuzonwabisa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba bexhomekeke kuko.” Iimeko zokurhweba ngokufanelekileyo ziyimfuneko. Imeko yamafama e-cocoa kunye neentsapho zabo inokuphucula kuphela ukuba umvuzo wabo uyanda.
Ukulinywa kwe-cocoa kufuneka kube nexabiso kwakhona
Iinkampani ezinkulu eziqhuba i-cocoa azikwazi ukuphepha ukuzibophelela okuphucula imeko yengeniso yamafama amancinci e-cocoa. Kuba bekukho uhlolisiso eGhana, ngokutsho kwawo ngama-20 ekhulwini kuphela amafama ekoko afuna abantwana bawo basebenze kulo msebenzi. Abaninzi bangathanda ukutshintsha ukulima kwabo - umzekelo kwirabha.
Kwaye umthengisi ophambili, i-Ivory Coast, nayo isongelwa yinkathazo. Kwimimandla emininzi apho, umba wamalungelo omhlaba awukacaciswa. Kwiindawo ezininzi, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, ezaziwa ngokuba ziinkosi, ziye zavumela abaphambukeli ukuba bacoce baze balime umhlaba logama nje belima ikokoko. Ukuba kukho uhlaziyo lwamalungelo omhlaba kwaye amafama anokuzigqibela ngokwawo ukuba atyala ntoni na, kusenokubakho inqwelomoya enkulu esuka ekoko apha.
Itshokholethi elungileyo inceda ekunciphiseni ubuhlwempu
Ngenxa yokuba ukulinywa kwekoko akunaxabiso kubalimi abaninzi. Ixabiso le-cocoa liye laba yindlela ende ukusuka kwixesha layo eliphezulu kwishumi leminyaka. Ngomnyaka we-1980, amafama e-cocoa afumana phantse i-5,000 yeedola zase-US ngetoni ye-cocoa, elungiselelwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, ngo-2000 yayiyi-1,200 yeedola zase-US kuphela. Ngeli xesha-ehlotyeni lika-2020-ixabiso le-cocoa liphinde lanyuka laya kutsho malunga ne-2,100 yeedola zaseMelika, kodwa oko akukabi sisixa saneleyo. I-cocoa yorhwebo olufanelekileyo, kwelinye icala, ihlawulwa ngcono: ukusukela nge-1 ka-Okthobha ka-2019, ixabiso elincinci le-Fairtrade linyuke laya kwi-2,400 yeedola zaseMelika ngetoni nganye.
Ngokubanzi, amaxabiso aye aguquguquka kakhulu iminyaka. Isizathu asikho kuphela izivuno ezihlukeneyo ezivela ekuvuneni kwe-cocoa, kodwa kunye - ngamanye amaxesha ukuguqulwa - imeko yezopolitiko kumazwe avela kuwo. Ukongezelela, kukho imiphumo yokuqikelelwa kwemali kunye nokuguquguquka kwexabiso lokutshintsha kwedola, okwenza ukuba ixabiso libe nzima ukubala.
Ixabiso eliphantsi lekoko lenza amafama amaninzi ahlwempuzeke: kwihlabathi jikelele, i-cocoa ikhuliswa kwiifama ezizizigidi ezine ezinesiqingatha, kwaye izigidi ezininzi zabantu ziphila ngokukhula nokuyithengisa. Nangona kunjalo, kubi kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo, kwaye, nangona ngo-2019 ngaphezulu kwecocoa iveliswe malunga ne-4.8 yezigidi zeetoni kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukuba abalimi banokuphila ngaphantsi kunangaphambili kwaye ngoko ke batshintshe imveliso yezolimo, ishishini le-cocoa kunye netshokolethi, elixabisa iibhiliyoni, linengxaki.
Itshokholethi yorhwebo olulungileyo yenza inkqubela
Imibutho yorhwebo enobulungisa ibale ukuba liphezulu kangakanani ixabiso lekoko ukuze kuqinisekiswe amafama ngengeniso efanelekileyo. Eli lelona xabiso liphantsi elifunyanwa ngamafama kwinkqubo yeFairtrade. Ngale ndlela unokucwangcisa umvuzo wakho ngokuqinisekileyo. Ukuba ixabiso lemarike yehlabathi liyenyuka ngaphezu kwale ndlela, ixabiso elihlawulwe kurhwebo olulungileyo nalo liyenyuka.
EJamani, nangona kunjalo, isabelo sengonyama seemveliso zetshokholethi sisaveliswa ngokwesiqhelo. Itshokholethi eyenziwe ngecocoa yorhwebo olulungileyo ihlala iyimveliso esecaleni, kodwa yenze imitsi emikhulu, ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Intengiso ye-Fairtrade cocoa eJamani inyuke ngokuphindwe kalishumi phakathi kuka-2014 no-2019, ukusuka kwi-7,500 yeetoni ukuya kwi-79,000 yeetoni. Esona sizathu: I-Fairtrade International yasungula inkqubo yayo yecocoa ngo-2014, ebandakanya amawaka amaninzi amafama. Ngokungafaniyo nesitywina seFairtrade yakudala, ingqwalasela ayikho kwisatifikethi semveliso yokugqibela, kodwa kwi-cocoa ekrwada ngokwayo.
I-cocoa efanelekileyo eJamani
Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwe-cocoa efanelekileyo kubonisa ukuba isihloko sifikelele kubathengi basekhaya kunye nabavelisi. Ngokutsho kweTransfair, umyinge wecocoa yorhwebo olulungileyo ngoku umalunga neepesenti ezisibhozo. Enoba ucinga ukuba loo nto iphakame ngendlela ekhwankqisayo okanye ephantsi ngendlela eyothusayo ngumbandela nje wokuzikhethela.
Oko amaJamani asenayo incasa yetshokholethi. Siziphatha ngokulinganayo kwimivalo ye-95 (ngokwe-Federation of German Industries) nge-capita kunye nonyaka. Mhlawumbi siza kuphinda sicinge ngamafama ekoko ngokunye kwethu okunye ukuthenga kwaye sibaphathe ngexabiso elifanelekileyo. Ayintsonkothanga: itshokholethi yorhwebo enobulungisa inokufumaneka ngoku kwisaphulelo ngasinye.
