Izinhlobo Zesinkwa SaseJalimane Nezithako

Ngo-2014, isiko lesinkwa saseJalimane saqashelwa yi-UNESCO njengefa lamasiko laseJalimane elingaphatheki ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwalo okuhlukile. Sizokukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zesinkwa saseJalimane eziyingxenye yalesi siko lesinkwa nokuthi zilungiswa kanjani ngokwesiko!

Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 zesinkwa

Uhlobo lwesinkwa saseJalimane lwenziwa kusetshenziswa amasu obuciko bendabuko futhi luqukethe izithako ezithile eziyinhloko zemvelo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo kuwumphumela wezithako ezihlukene, izindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezihlukene zikahhavini. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zesinkwa ezibhakwa ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene kanye namazinga omswakama. Sekukonke kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zesinkwa zendawo, inani eliqondile elingaziwa.

Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye ne-inthanethi, kwakungekho ukubuka konke kwezinombolo zezinhlobo zesinkwa saseJalimane. Amarekhodi ahlakazeke kakhulu awavumelanga okungaphezu kwezilinganiso. Ukulinganisa okunjalo kwenziwa yi-Federal Institute for Grain, Potato and Fat Research (umanduleli weMax Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food) emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Lokhu kwaphumela ezinhlotsheni ezingu-300 zesinkwa saseJalimane, inombolo engakaze ihlolwe ngempela kodwa esavame ukucashunwa kwabezindaba namuhla. Ochwepheshe babefuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, ngoba "Irekhodi Lomhlaba Wesinkwa" ngo-2005, izinhlobo zesinkwa ezingaphezu kuka-1000 zabhalwa ngamathuba edijithali yesimanje. Akukabhalwa ukuthi zingaki lezi kwakuyizinkwa zengcweti, ngoba kunenkinga yokubala izinhlobo zesinkwa.

Ukuhlukahluka ngezinqubo ezintsha zokukhiqiza

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ubuciko obuningi bendabuko buye bathathelwa indawo izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisheshayo. Ekukhiqizweni kwendabuko, inhlama yesinkwa ilungiswa isikhathi eside futhi ngezigaba ezahlukene futhi ishiywe ukuze iphumule ngaphambi kokubhaka, ngezinye izikhathi isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuningi phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zesinkwa (ezinezinongo ezikhethekile ezifana ne-caraway, isinkwa seholide esinekhalori ephezulu, njll.).

Uma izithasiselo ezisebenzayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi inhlama yesinkwa ingafakwa ngokushesha kuhhavini, khona-ke kunengqondo ukubhaka ukuhlukahluka okungapheli: inhlama ingahlukaniswa futhi ifakwe izithako ezikhethekile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuvuthwa kwesinkwa noma ezinye izinqubo zomsebenzi, lapho inhlama ingakwazi ukuhlukaniswa. isinkwa kufanele sishiywe sodwa. Iresiphi ingashintshwa kalula ngoba imiphumela yale nqubo yokubhaka esheshayo ayithuthukisi ukunambitheka okugcwele kwesinkwa sengcweti sangempela noma kunjalo.

Yingakho i-mishmash enemibala itholakala namuhla:

• Isinkwa sangempela samaJalimane esidala
• Izingcezu zesinkwa nenhlama ezenza sengathi zilungiswe ngokwemithetho yokuhweba
• izinto ezikhethekile eziningi zesinkwa ezintsha ezishintsha nsuku zonke kwabanye balungisa izinkwa.

Irejista yesinkwa yenhlangano yababhaki manje isibhala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “izinto ezikhethekile zesinkwa” esikhundleni sezinhlobo zesinkwa. Ngoba kungaba wumthetho ukwehlukanisa ubuciko bendabuko kumalungu amaningi amasha esitolo sokubhaka. Zingaphezu kuka-3200 izinkwa ezikhethekile ezibaliwe manje, ezifakwe ngababhaki ngokwabo. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi zingaki lezi eziyisinkwa sangempela saseJalimane, kodwa ababhaki bezandla bayanda futhi yonke indawo.

Uhlu lwesinkwa saseJalimane

Ezimisweni eziqondisayo ze-German Food Book (DLMB), isinkwa sihlukaniswe ngamaqembu angu-17 amakhulu, endabuko ezinhlobonhlobo ngokuya ngokusanhlamvu okusetshenzisiwe kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza, izici eziyisibopho kanye nezakhiwo ezichazwe ngayinye yazo. Uma wazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwesinkwa lweqembu elihlukahlukene, uyazazi izithako eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo. Nawa amaqembu angu-17 ezinhlobonhlobo ezinezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zesinkwa/izindlela zokubhaka zendabuko:

Isinkwa sikakolweni noma isinkwa esimhlophe

Izithako ngokwe-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% kafulawa kakolweni
Ukulungiswa kwendabuko: imvubelo ye-ejenti yokukhulisa, izinhlobo eziningi zokulungiselela kusukela ekubhakeni ethini kuya ekwalukeni kuthinta ukunambitheka.

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa esimhlophe saseJalimane / ibhokisi lesinkwa esimhlophe
• Izinguqulo zesiJalimane ze-Italian ciabatta noma i-Provençal fougasse, zombili ezinamafutha omnqumo
• Izinguqulo zesiJalimane zezinkwa eziyisicaba ezivela emasikweni ahlukahlukene
• Isinkwa sikaRaisin (Mares, Kloben, Klaben)
• unamathele isinkwa esimhlophe

Isinkwa sikakolweni esixutshiwe

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Ngaphezu kwama-50 nangaphansi kuka-90% kafulawa kakolweni
Ukulungiswa kwendabuko: ngenani eliphezulu likakolweni kuphela ngemvubelo, ufulawa we-rye owengeziwe, imvubelo eyengeziwe, nenhlama emuncu. Kukhona nezimo eziningi (ezihlukahlukene) zesinkwa sikakolweni esixutshwe ngoba inhlama enengxenye ephezulu kafulawa kakolweni ivamise ukubunjwa kalula nokufaka amaphuzu.

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa sezwe lesiFulentshi
• Ingxenye nengxenye
• Isinkwa esihle se-Hamburger (enebhotela)
• Isinkwa sikaKassel
• isinkwa se-crust
• Izinsikazi zaseMunsterland
• ama-rose mare
• Isinkwa saseSwitzerland
• Isinkwa esixutshiwe esiqukethe amaprotheni njengesinkwa se-lupine, isinkwa esinamaphrotheni
• Isinkwa esikhethekile njengesinkwa samazambane sase-Thuringian, isinkwa sethanga, isinkwa se-chestnut, isinkwa se-buttermilk

Isinkwa se-Rye

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% kafulawa werye
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: Inhlama ye-rye ingabhakwa kuphela ngokufaka i-asidi, ngokwesiko le asidi ifakwa kuphela ngenhlama emuncu (kusuka emanzini, ufulawa, ukushisa, nesikhathi). Inhlama emuncu inika isinkwa ukunambitheka okunenhliziyo, okumuncu kancane futhi kusenza siqine kakhulu kunesinkwa sikakolweni.

Izinhlobo:

• isinkwa sabalimi
• Isinkwa sezwe saseBerlin
• I-Frankenloaf
• isinkwa sezinhlamvu ze-malt
• I-Spessart crust

I-Mixed Rye Isinkwa

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Ngaphezu kwama-50 nangaphansi kuka-90% kafulawa werye
Ukulungiselela kwendabuko: Lapha, ukunambitheka okunenhliziyo kwenhlama emuncu ye-rye kuthambisa ngokungeza ufulawa kakolweni, ngenani eliphezulu likakolweni, imvubelo ivame ukusetshenziswa. Isinkwa se-rye nesinkwa se-rye esixutshwe ngokuvamile sibhakwa bushelelezi esikhunjeni esilula noma sibhobozwe ngokulinganayo phezulu. Ngaleli qembu lesinkwa elithandwayo, izinsalela zesifunda esezihambile ziye zagcinwa: eningizimu yeJalimane, izimo eziningi eziyindilinga ziyathengiswa; enyakatho kunezinkwa ezinde.

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa esidala somlimi waseJalimane
• Isinkwa se-Altmark
• Isinkwa sendlu yaseBavaria
• isihlathi kabili
• Isinkwa se-Eifel
• isinkwa sebhali
• isinkwa sikaheather
• Amazwe aseHesse
• isinkwa sezwe
• Isinkwa se-Malfa esinofulawa we-malt webhali ongu-10%.
• isinkwa se-carrot
• Paderborn isinkwa somlimi
• Isinkwa sezwe laseSilesian

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zakudala nezintsha zesinkwa saseJalimane "i-oscillate" phakathi kwesinkwa sikakolweni esixutshwe nesinkwa se-rye esixutshwe, okungukuthi zibhakwa ngokuhlukahluka ngofulawa kakolweni owengeziwe noma ufulawa we-rye owengeziwe, i-eg:

• Isinkwa sendlu yaseBavaria
• isinkwa sikabhiya
• Isinkwa se-Gourmet (ama-hazelnuts aqoshiwe, ama-hazelnuts athosiwe, ukudla kwe-soya, imbewu ye-sunflower)
• Isinkwa se-nut esinama-walnuts, ama-hazelnuts, namanye amantongomane
• isinkwa somnqumo
• Isinkwa Sehlathi Elimnyama
• Isinkwa sezwe sase-Westerwald

Isinkwa Sikakolweni Esiphelele

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% we-rye kanye nemikhiqizo kakolweni wokusanhlamvu; endabeni “yesinkwa se-wholemeal” kunoma yisiphi isilinganiso, endabeni “yesinkwa sikakolweni we-wholemeal” imikhiqizo kakolweni we-wholemeal engaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50, esimweni “isinkwa sikakolweni we-wholemeal rye” ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50 awo imikhiqizo ye-wholemeal rye. Okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-asidi engeziwe kufanele zivele enhlama emuncu.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: isinkwa se-wholemeal senziwa ngokugaywa okusanhlamvu okugayiwe, amanzi, imvubelo, kanye/noma inhlama emuncu nosawoti. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezelwa izinongo, futhi kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezaziwayo ngokuma, ukunambitheka, kanye nesakhiwo.

Izinhlobo:

• isinkwa somthwalo
• Isinkwa esimnyama (okungasona njalo isinkwa sangempela se-wholemeal, isinkwa esimnyama esenziwe ngokusanhlamvu ngaphandle kwegciwane sibizwa nangokuthi lokhu)
• Isinkwa sembewu yethanga

Isinkwa sikakolweni

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% wemikhiqizo kakolweni ophelele
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: bheka isinkwa se-wholemeal

Izinhlobo:

• I-Wholemeal Chia Wheat Isinkwa
• isinkwa segciwane likakolweni
• I-Wholemeal Wheat Nut Isinkwa
• Isinkwa sikakolweni omuncu

Isinkwa se-rye esiphelele

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% wemikhiqizo ye-rye egcwele okusanhlamvu, futhi okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-asidi engeziwe kufanele zivele enhlama emuncu.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: bheka isinkwa se-wholemeal

Izinhlobo:

• umsebenzi wobuciko
• Isinkwa esimnyama se-Rhenish
• isinkwa se-rye juice

Isinkwa se-wholegrain oat noma isinkwa se-wholegrain nezinye izinhlamvu

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-20% wemikhiqizo egcwele okusanhlamvu “yolunye uhlobo lokusanhlamvu”, isamba okungenani esingu-90% wemikhiqizo egcwele okusanhlamvu, futhi okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu yenani elingeziwe le-asidi evela enhlama emuncu.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: njengesinkwa se-wholemeal

Izinhlobo:

• I-Wholemeal Oat Bread
• Isinkwa sebhali esiphelele

Isinkwa Esiphelele

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani ama-90% erye kanye negrist kakolweni; endabeni "isinkwa sokusanhlamvu" kunoma iyiphi ingxenye, esimweni "isinkwa sikakolweni we-rye" ngaphezu kuka-50% kakolweni ogayiwe, futhi esimweni "isinkwa sikakolweni esikhulile" ngaphezu kuka-50% waso rye egayiwe.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: Igrist ebhakwayo iwuhlamvu oluqoshwe kabuhlungu lapho izithombo zikhishwe khona ngaphambi kokugaya. Kubalulekile lapha ukuthi i-grist entsha igaywe futhi inhlama isetshenzwe ngumbhaki isikhathi eside futhi ngamandla kangangokuthi zonke izinhlayiya zekhasi zingavuvuka kahle. Isinkwa esiphelele ngokwesiko sibhakwa njengesinkwa se-steam chamber, okusho ukuthi sishiswa kuhhavini abavalekayo bese sibhakwa amahora amaningi ekushiseni okuphezulu kokubhaka okuyi-100 degrees. Ngale ndlela azikhulisi uqweqwe futhi zigcine amavithamini amaningi angezwani nokushisa.

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa sebhokisi esinoqweqwe oluqinile, olunsundu ngokumaphakathi kanye nenhlama emuncu
• Isinkwa sonke esipelingiwe

Isinkwa Sikakolweni Esiphelele

Izithako ngokwe-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% kafulawa kakolweni
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: bheka isinkwa se-wholemeal

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa se-Graham (isinkwa sebhokisi esenziwe ngofulawa kakolweni ocolekileyo ngaphandle kokufakwa kukasawoti, imvubelo, inhlama emuncu, amaprotheni amaningi + noma i-asidi encane)
• Isinkwa sikakolweni esigcwele inhlama emuncu

Isinkwa se-Rye grist

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani ukudla kwe-rye okungama-90%.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: Ukuvuvukala kwenhlama kumele kukhuthazwe ngisho nangaphezulu kunesinye isinkwa esiphelele. Uma ukudla kurhabalele, inhlama kufanele ikhukhumale isikhathi eside ukuze isinkwa sibe imvuthuluka kanye nokunambitheka okuqinile okumuncu.

Izinhlobo:

• Isinkwa saseBrandenburg
• Hamburger black bread
• Isinkwa sase-Oldenburg

I-Pumpernickel

Izithako + ukulungiselela ngokwe-DLMB: Okungenani u-90% wesidlo se-rye kanye/noma isidlo se-rye esiphelele, isikhathi esincane sokubhaka amahora angu-16, uma upheka ngesidlo se-wholemeal, okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ze-asidi engeziwe kufanele zivele enhlameni emuncu.
Ukulungiswa kwendabuko: isinkwa segumbi le-steam, bheka isinkwa sikakolweni

Izinhlobo:

• I-Westphalian Pumpernickel (Ivikelwe Ngokwendawo)

I-Toast Isinkwa

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB:

• I-Toast-Bread: Okungenani u-90% kafulawa kakolweni
• I-Wholemeal toast kakolweni: Okungenani u-90% wemikhiqizo kakolweni ophelele, futhi okungenani izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zanoma iyiphi i-asidi engeziwe kufanele ivele enhlameni emuncu.
• I-Mixed Wheat Toast: Ngaphezu kuka-50% nangaphansi kuka-90% kafulawa kakolweni
• I-Mixed Rye Toast: Ngaphezu kuka-50% nangaphansi kuka-90% kafulawa we-rye
• I-Wholemeal Toast: Okungenani imikhiqizo kakolweni/rye engu-90% kunoma iyiphi ingxenye, i-asidi engeziwe kufanele okungenani ibe yinhlama emuncu ekabili

Ukulungiselela Ngokwendabuko: Isinkwa esithosiwe sibhakwa epanini lesinkwa eline-insulation enhle ukugcina uqweqwe luthambile.

Izinhlobo:

• isinkwa sebhotela
• i-toast ebhaliwe
• Ithosi yokusanhlamvu (i-multigrain toast)
• I-Raisin toast
• I-Hot Dog Toast

Isinkwa esimhlophe

Izithako + ukulungiswa ngokusho kwe-DLMB:

I-Crispbread: Ingaqukatha ukudla kwe-wholemeal, ufulawa we-wholemeal, ufulawa werye, ukolweni, okunye okusanhlamvu + izingxube zokusanhlamvu, nokunye ukudla. Isinkwa esiyisicaba esomisiwe kufanele sifakwe imvubelo, ukuvutshelwa kwenhlama emuncu, futhi kufakwe umoya ngendlela engokoqobo noma ezinye izindlela, hhayi ngokukhipha okushisayo (indlela yokucindezela umshini). Isinkwa esiqediwe kufanele sibe nomswakama ophezulu ongu-10%.
Ezinye izinkwa eziyisicaba ezomile: Kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo zesinkwa esishisayo kodwa zingenziwa nge-extrusion eshisayo.

Izinhlobo:

• Eziningi kuzo zombili izindawo ngoba izithasiselo zingangeniswa kalula futhi zigcinwe kahle ngenxa yomswakama ophansi, isibonelo, i-sesame, i-mjölk, i-rye, i-crisp eyengeziwe encane, okusanhlamvu okuphelele, i-chia, nesipelingi, ezinye izithasiselo zokunambitheka ezifana notamatisi ne-mozzarella, ushizi. kanye nembewu yethanga, utamatisi, ne-basil.

Isinkwa sezinhlamvu eziningi, isinkwa sezinhlamvu ezintathu, isinkwa sezinhlamvu ezine, njll.

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani uhlobo olulodwa lwesinkwa okusanhlamvu, okungenani olunye uhlobo olulodwa lokusanhlamvu, kanye nengqikithi yezinhlobo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ezihlukene zokusanhlamvu, ngalunye luqukethe okungenani u-5%. No. 15 usebenza ngokufanele ku-multigrain toast kanye ne-multigrain crispbread.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: Ngokuya ngohlobo lokusanhlamvu oluvelele, izinhlobo ziphuma eqoqweni leqembu elihlukahlukene.

Isinkwa se-oat, isinkwa serayisi, isinkwa sombila, isinkwa se-millet, isinkwa se-buckwheat, isinkwa sebhali

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani u-20% wolunye uhlobo lokusanhlamvu (“olunye” lusho i-oats ne-co. ngokungafani nezinhlamvu zesinkwa ukolweni, isipelingi kanye nerye)
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo: isinkwa se-oat ngokwesiko sibhakwa sixutshwe nokolweni, isinkwa se-buckwheat sokuqala saseNyakatho Jalimane sasibhakwa ku-rye, ukolweni, nenhlama emuncu, kodwa akuvamile ukudayiswa namuhla (i-buckwheat eningi kunokudla okungenalo i-gluten yenziwa ngesitashi sombila. , i-guar gum, i-corn-free corn ferment, amafutha, ushukela, imvubelo kanye nofulawa we-buckwheat omncane ojikelezayo).

Isinkwa esipeliwe, isinkwa se-triticale

Izithako ngokuya nge-DLMB: Okungenani imikhiqizo yesipelingi/triticale engu-90%.
Ukulungiselela ngokwesiko: Ukulungiswa kwasekuqaleni kwesinkwa esipeletwayo kwalibaleka isikhathi eside kangangokuthi namuhla wonke umbhaki uzibhakela isinkwa sakhe esipeliwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lesi yisinkwa esipeliwe, kodwa ngokuvamile sixutshwa nesinkwa sikakolweni esihlanganisiwe nesipelingi. Awekho amalungiselelo endabuko yesinkwa se-triticale ngoba i-triticale iyingxube entsha kakolweni ne-rye. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhiwo zokubhaka zibonakale zingathandeki, cishe akubhakwa noma iyiphi i-triticale ehlanzekile, kodwa isinkwa sikakolweni esixutshwe ne-rye esine-triticale.

Imihlahlandlela ichaza olunye ulwazi olwengeziwe olungangezela (hhayi esikhundleni) amagama (okuthengisa) asanda kuchazwa futhi achaze izakhiwo ezithile:

• Isinkwa sikahhavini wamatshe: siphushwa noma siphushwe (= thinta kuhhavini) sibhakwa kuphela emathreyini okubhaka enziwe ngetshe lemvelo kanye/noma lokwenziwa, i-fireclay, noma ezinye izinto ezingezona ezensimbi ezifanele.
• Isinkwa esibaswa ngokhuni: siphushwa noma siphushelwe kuhhavini abaswe ngqo, igumbi lokubhaka elenziwe ngetshe/impahla efana netshe, ukhuni lwemvelo njengombathiso
• Isinkwa sebhali, isinkwa sebhali: Izingcezu zenhlama ezivutha emlilweni ovulekile kuya kumachashaza esici (= ibhali)
• Isinkwa se-Ham: Isinkwa se-rye esiphelele/isinkwa se-rye esigayiwe (ngaphandle kwe-ham), esimise okwe-semicircular, siphushwe sivuleke/sibhakwe ethini, ikakhulukazi ukunambitheka okunenhliziyo nokunephunga elimnandi.

Ezinye izithako

Ngokwezimiso ze-German Food Book, isinkwa saseJalimane siqukethe amafutha angaphansi kuka-10% kanye/noma izinhlobo zikashukela ku-90% okusanhlamvu kanye/noma imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu, lokhu kusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesinkwa saseJalimane.

Ngaphezu kwesinkwa esihlanzekile se-cereal, izingcezu eziningi zesinkwa ezikhethekile nezinye izithako zishiwo ngenhla. Okwe "zithako ezinquma inani"

• ibhotela
• ubisi
• ubisi amaprotheni
• ibhotela
• iyogathi
• kefir
• whey
• Quark
• igciwane likakolweni
• ihlanganisiwe
• sesame
• imbewu ye-sunflower
• nati
• poppy
• ezinye izimbewu zamafutha
• Omisiwe/ama-sultana
• ama-currants
• i-bran edliwayo
• i-fiber igxila
• ukuhlupheka

imihlahlandlela ibeka inani elincane uma uhlobo lwesinkwa luqanjwe ngalo. Uma ezinye izithako zokunambitheka zinikeza uhlobo lwesinkwa/isinkwa okukhethekile okukhethekile, kufanele kube nokwanele kuso esinkwa ukuze izici ezikhethekile zibonakale “zicacile ngokwemizwa” noma zibe nevelu yokondleka komzimba.

Phela, ukusesha amabhikawozi amancane, obuciko kubalulekile ezicini eziningana: isinkwa sikakolweni sangempela singase siphelelwe yisikhathi (i-casserole yesinkwa, amadombolo), isinkwa sangempela se-rye siqina kancane, kodwa akekho kubo ozohamba kabi uma egcinwe kahle.