Crystal Nelson
Siyawuthanda ushokoledi. Kodwa umuntu angalahlekelwa isifiso sakhe sokudla uma kubhekwa isiphetho sabalimi abaningi bakakhokho. Ushokoledi owenziwe nge-fair-trade cocoa awusiboli ezikhwameni zethu, kodwa usiza abalimi abancane e-Afrika, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu ukuthi babe nempilo engcono.
Ukuhlukunyezwa emasimini kakhokho, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Afrika, sekwaziwa okungenani iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Emuva ngo-2000, umbiko kamabonakude we-BBC washaqisa umhlaba. Izintatheli zithole ukushushumbiswa kwezingane ezivela eBurkina Faso, Mali naseTogo. Abashushumbisi babantu babedayise amantombazane nabafana njengezigqila ukuze balime ukhokho e-Ivory Coast. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe, amaphesenti angama-71 awo wonke ubhontshisi we-cocoa ngo-2018 aqhamuka e-Afrika - futhi ngamaphesenti ayi-16 kuphela aseNingizimu Melika.
Lezi zithombe zilandelwe yimibiko yabezindaba nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zaphawula. I-European Cocoa Association, inhlangano yabahwebi abakhulu baseYurophu, ibize lezi zinsolo zingamanga futhi ziyihaba. Imboni isho lokho imboni evame ukukusho ezimweni ezinjalo: imibiko ayimele zonke izindawo ezikhulayo. Njengokungathi lokho kushintsha noma yini.
Khona-ke osopolitiki basabela. E-United States, kuye kwahlongozwa umthetho wokulwa nokugqilazwa kwezingane kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezingane ekulinyweni kukakhokho. Kwakuyoba inkemba ebukhali ekulweni nezigqila zezingane. Ingabe. Ukunxenxa okubanzi kwemboni kakhokho noshokoledi kwawuchitha lolo hlaka.
Ushokoledi wokuhweba olungile - ngaphandle komsebenzi wezingane
Okwasala kwaba isivumelwano esithambile, sokuzithandela futhi esingabopheleli ngokomthetho esaziwa nge-Harkin-Engel Protocol. Yasayinwa ngo-2001 ngabakhiqizi bakashokoledi base-US nabamele i-World Cocoa Foundation - isisekelo esisekelwa izinkampani ezinkulu embonini. Abasayina bazibophezele ekuqedeni izindlela ezimbi kakhulu zokusetshenziswa kwezingane - njengokugqilazwa, ukusetshenzwa ngempoqo kanye nomsebenzi oyingozi empilweni, ukuphepha noma ukuziphatha - embonini ye-cocoa.
Kwenzekile: akukho lutho. Saqala isikhathi sokuzindela. Kuze kube namuhla, izingane zisebenza embonini kashokoledi. Sebephenduke uphawu lokuhweba okungalungile kwemboni ye-cocoa. Ngo-2010, i-documentary yesiDanishi ethi "The Dark Side Of Chocolate" yabonisa ukuthi i-Harkin-Engel Protocol cishe yayingasebenzi.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Tulane University ngo-2015 lwathola ukuthi isibalo sezingane ezisebenza emasimini kakhokho sikhuphuke kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezikhulayo ezikhulayo eGhana nase-Ivory Coast, cishe izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-2.26 ezineminyaka ephakathi kuka-5 ne-17 zisebenza ekukhiqizeni ukhokho - ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingozi.
Futhi ngokuvamile azikwazi neze ukondla imindeni yazo: izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu bezilokhu zikhomba iminyaka ukuthi izingane eziningi ezisebenza ekukhiqizeni ukhokho kungenzeka kakhulu zibe izisulu zokushushumbiswa kwabantu nobugqila.
I-Fair cocoa: Inkokhelo efanelekile esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwezingane
Kodwa iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi. Eqinisweni, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezingane emasimini kakhokho ngeke kusize ekuxazululeni inkinga kashokoledi odayiswa ngokungafanele. Ngokuphambene nalokho: kungase kukhulise ngisho nobumpofu babalimi abancane.
Lokhu kuboniswe ocwaningweni lwango-2009 oluthi “The Dark Side of Chocolate” yi-Südwind Research Institute. Umlobi wabo, uFriedel Hütz-Adams, uchaza isizathu: Ngemva kokuba izinkampani zokudla eziningana sezixwayise abaphakeli bazo ukuba bangasebenzisi izingane ngesikhathi sokuvuna, isivuno sabalimi sase sinciphile. Izinkampani ezinjengoMars, Nestlé kanye noFerrero zazifune ukuthi kugwenywe ukusetshenziswa kwezingane ngemuva kokuba nengcindezi ngemibiko yokuthi kuqashwa abasebenzi abancane emasimini.
Ikhambi alikona nje kuphela ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezingane, kodwa ekukhokheleni abalimi abancane ngendlela efanele, isazi sezomnotho siyaqhubeka: “Abavumeli izingane zabo zisebenze ukuze zizijabulise, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zithembele kukho.” Izimo zokuhweba ezifanele ziyadingeka. Isimo sabalimi bakakhokho kanye nemindeni yabo singathuthuka kuphela uma iholo labo likhuphuka.
Ukulinywa kukakhokho kumele kube nenzuzo futhi
Izinkampani ezinkulu ezicubungula i-cocoa azisakwazi ukugwema ukuzibophezela okuthuthukisa isimo semali engenayo sabalimi abancane be-cocoa. Ngoba kwakunenhlolovo eGhana, ngokusho kwayo ukuthi amaphesenti angu-20 kuphela abalimi bakakhokho abafuna izingane zabo zisebenze kulo msebenzi. Abaningi bangakhetha ukushintsha ukutshala kwabo - isibonelo irabha.
Futhi umthumeli omkhulu wangaphandle, i-Ivory Coast, nayo isongelwa ngezinkinga. Ezifundeni eziningi lapho, udaba lwamalungelo omhlaba alukacaciswa. Ezindaweni eziningi abaholi bendawo abaziwa ngokuthi amakhosi baye bavumela abokufika ukuthi bagawule futhi balime inqobo nje uma betshala ukhokho. Uma kukhona ukuguqulwa kwamalungelo omhlaba futhi abalimi bengazinqumela ukuthi batshala ini, kungase kube khona indiza enkulu esuka ku-cocoa lapha.
Ushokoledi olungile usiza ukulwa nobumpofu
Ngoba ukutshalwa kwe-cocoa akubasizi ngalutho abalimi abaningi. Intengo ye-cocoa ibikude ukusuka ekuphakameni kwayo ngaso sonke isikhathi amashumi eminyaka. Ngo-1980, abalimi be-cocoa bathola cishe amadola ayi-5,000 e-US ngethani likakhokho, elilungiselwe ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali, ngo-2000 kwakuyi-1,200 yamadola ase-US kuphela. Khonamanjalo - ehlobo lika-2020 - intengo kakhokho iphinde yenyuka yafinyelela cishe kumadola aseMelika angama-2,100, kepha lelo akukabi inani elanele. I-Fair trade cocoa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhokhwa kangcono: kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1, 2019, inani elincane le-Fairtrade likhuphuke laya ku-2,400 US dollar ton per.
Ngokuvamile, amanani aye eguquguquka kakhulu iminyaka. Isizathu akusona kuphela isivuno esihlukile esivela ekuvuneni kukakhokho, kodwa futhi - ngezinye izikhathi ezishintshayo - isimo sezombangazwe emazweni avela kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemiphumela yokuqagela kwezimali kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola, okwenza intengo ibe nzima ukubala.
Intengo ephansi kakhokho iphuca abalimi abaningi: emhlabeni wonke, ukhokho ulinywa emapulazini acishe abe yizigidi ezine nengxenye, futhi izigidi eziningi zabantu ziphila ngokulima nokuyidayisa. Kodwa-ke, kubi kakhulu kunalokho, nokuthi, yize ngo-2019 i-cocoa eyengeziwe yakhiqizwa ngamathani acishe abe yizigidi ezi-4.8 kunangaphambili. Uma abalimi bengaphila ngisho nangaphansi kunangaphambili futhi ngenxa yalokho bashintshe umkhiqizo wezolimo, imboni kakhokho neshokoledi, ebiza izigidigidi, inenkinga.
Ushokoledi wokuhweba olungile uyathuthuka
Izinhlangano zohwebo ezinobulungiswa zibalile ukuthi intengo kakhokho kufanele ibe phezulu kangakanani ukuze kuqinisekiswe abalimi iholo elihle. Leli inani elincane elitholwa abalimi ohlelweni lwe-Fairtrade. Ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukuhlela iholo lakho ngokuqiniseka. Uma intengo yemakethe yomhlaba ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwale ndlela, inani elikhokhwa ekuhwebeni okufanelekile nalo liyakhuphuka.
EJalimane, noma kunjalo, ingxenye yengonyama yemikhiqizo kashokoledi isakhiqizwa ngendlela evamile. Ushokoledi owenziwe nge-fair trade cocoa usengumkhiqizo ongasho lutho, kodwa wenze intuthuko enkulu, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva. Ukuthengiswa kwe-Fairtrade cocoa eJalimane kukhuphuke ngaphezu kokuphindwe kashumi phakathi kuka-2014 no-2019, kusuka kumathani ayi-7,500 kuya cishe kumathani angama-79,000. Isizathu esikhulu: I-Fairtrade International yethula uhlelo lwayo lukakhokho ngo-2014, olubandakanya izinkulungwane eziningi zabalimi. Ngokungafani ne-Fairtrade seal yakudala, ukugxila akukhona ekuqinisekisweni komkhiqizo wokugcina, kodwa ku-cocoa wempahla eluhlaza uqobo.
I-cocoa enhle eJalimane
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwe-cocoa efanelekile kubonisa ukuthi isihloko sifinyelele kubathengi nabakhiqizi bendawo. Ngokusho kweTransfair, ingxenye ye-fair trade cocoa manje isicishe ibe ngamaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili. Ukuthi ukubheka njengokuphakeme ngokumangalisayo noma okuphansi ngokudabukisayo kuyindaba yokunambitha.
Lokho amaJalimane asenakho ukunambitha ushokoledi. Siziphatha ngokulingana namabha angama-95 (ngokusho kweFederation of German Industries) ngomuntu ngamunye nangonyaka. Mhlawumbe sizophinde sicabange ngabalimi be-cocoa ngokunye kwethu ukuthenga okulandelayo futhi sibaphathe ngentengo efanelekile. Akuyona inkimbinkimbi: ushokoledi wezohwebo olungile manje ungatholakala kuwo wonke amasaphulelo.
